Multifaceted Disease: Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes occur when there is a combination of inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a reduced glucose transport into the muscle cells, increases both hepatic glucose production and breaking down of fats because it has been attributed to the elevated level of free fatty acids and proinflamatory cytokines in the plasma.1

The proband’s family history consist of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes; especially the females within her maternal linage. Family histories where type 1 and type 2 diabetes co-occur happens often (Nogueira, 2013). Both types of diabetes are caused by a loss of physical or functional beta cell mass (Nogueira, 2013). Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is due to an autoimmune process and type 2 diabetes (T2D)

The communities that are hit most by Type-II diabetes are the low-income urban areas. The fact is that living in poverty can double or even triple the likelihood of developing the disease. Living conditions are linked to social determinants of health. For example the strain of being short on money, living in inadequate housing, and not having enough money to get the pre screenings required for treating the condition. Being born into a low-income family may mean worse health later in life. Simply put, the recommended fresh fruits and vegetables simply aren’t available to the low income. Forcing them to choose between paying rent and eating a healthful diet just doesn’t work.

They are two types of diabetes throughout the world but the second leading cause of death type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can come from your family background, lack of exercise, overweight, and Agent Orange exposure. The reason for this topic is that people need to understand what can cause diabetes, and how it deeply influences people around people with diabetes. Family can be one cause for a person to have diabetes but a family member could become diabetic from serving in the military service for periods of time, which some people know it as Agent Orange exposure. Not only adults have diabetes even children now is getting diabetes due to eating unhealthy foods that contains a lot of fat and sugars. Nonetheless, the children are not exercising or moderating the food intake that leads them to being overweight, which can equals diabetes.

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Aaron is a 25-year-old Caucasian (Hispanic/white) male who is over weight, he was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and has a long history of sever asthma. Aaron is a full time college student majoring in graphic design and works part time at GameStop during the week. He is a very sedentary individual and spends most of his time playing games or watching TV indoors. On occasions he spends time going to hockey games and parties with his friends but does not spend much time doing any physical activities. Aaron has had sever asthma since he was a child and has been taking a variety of medications from and early age. Up till the age of 18 Aaron too anti-inflammatories, albuterol the generic name is albuterol sulphate inhalation solution and some of the Brand names are ProAir HFA, ProAir

Type two diabetes is the most common disease today, and it has a great impact on the lives of many people in the United States. Type two diabetes results when the body is resistant to insulin or impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. The pancreas produces too much insulin, but over time it is not able to make an adequate amount of insulin needed in order to move the glucose into the cells. However, there are many factors that lead to type two diabetes. They are known to be genetic, high body weight, previously identified impaired fasting glucose levels or impaired glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 pounds. Type two diabetes effects about 90% to 95% of the cases of disease in the US (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013). It's

This may account for about 5% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. The insulin production is, therefore, impaired and this affects almost one million people in the U.S. Risk factors are less definite for type 1 diabetes than for type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in emerging this type of diabetes. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes also known as adult-onset diabetes, may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. “This is especially true for women, for 39.9% of African American women, compared with 24.0% of white American women have abdominal obesity”. (Marshall, 2005). Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, family history of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. Information from the CDC states, the treatment for type 1 diabetes is healthy eating, physical activity, and insulin injections. The amount of insulin taken must be balanced with food intake and daily activities. Blood glucose levels must be closely monitored through frequent blood glucose testing. Type 2 treatment is the same; however, blood glucose testing is needed. In addition, many people with type 2 diabetes require oral medication, insulin, or both to control their blood glucose levels. People should also eat more fiber by eating more

An overview of the proposed sequences of the key pathological features of type 2 diabetes is provided by Dr. Jack Leahy from the University of Vermont College Of Medicine. In his article he addresses the need for continued genetic research since little discovery has been made in this area. He also explains the known environmental causes such as sedentary lifestyles and high fat diets that contribute to type 2 diabetes, changes in lifestyle practices would reduce the incidence of this disease but this is not a practical solution. The best solution according to Dr. Leahy lays in understanding the

29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes, and of those 29 million approximately 7.25 million are unaware that they are diabetic (www.cdc.gov). Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body 's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Diabetes can be divided into two groups: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes and is usually found in children and young adults. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. Type 1 diabetes restricts the body from producing insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by using insulin therapy and other treatments to help those infected maintain insulin to convert sugars, starches and foods into energy(www.diabetes.org). Type 2 diabetes is the most common, people with Type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance meaning the body does not use insulin properly. At first, the pancreas makes a surplus insulin to compensate for the lack on insulin in your body. However, over time your pancreas is not able to keep up and can not make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels(www.diabetes.org). Complications of diabetes in the long term include potential heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.

739). These are all genetic factors that contribute to potentially develop diabetes type II mellitus. These genetic factors alone are not enough to contract diabetes there needs to be environmental factors/life choices. Environmental factors include “obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome” (McCane, 2014, p. 739). When a person has the environmental “risk factors for type II diabetes with insulin resistance, only those who have the genetic predisposition to beta cell dysfunction will develop type II diabetes” (McCane, 2014, p. 739). This means that a person who is not considered overweight, but has hypertension or does not live a healthy lifestyle and is predisposed can develop this disease as well. This is a rare occurrence in type II because “obesity is present in 60-80% of those with type II diabetes” (McCane, 2014, p. 739). Being obese contributes to the development of diabetes in five ways. These five ways are

Another article related to the gene theory titled Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with type two Diabetes and Diabetic Vascular Complications conducted in 2012 by Murea, MA, and Freedman. This study focused on exploring secondary data to find what researchers have found about the relationship between genes and diabetes, and environmental factors and diabetes. This study focused more on type two diabetes and how it relates to vascular complications. It concentrates on how finding the relationship between genes and diabetic can help finding treatment option for the disease prevention or delay in the disease progression (Murea & Freedman, 2012). The authors also review and article that reviewed the literature supporting genetic determinants in the

Diabetes is a condition, which causes the blood sugar of a person to become too high (Nhs, 2012). Type II diabetes is a long-term metabolic disorder that results from characterized high blood sugar, insulin resistance, or insulin deficiency (Elly, 2008). This type of diabetes differs from type I diabetes, which cause is quite unclear, but believed to result from genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. In type II diabetes, sugar accumulates in the bloodstream instead of being ferried by relevant body parts where it can be converted into energy

Diabetes type 2 is linked to a number of health complications including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, depression, blindness and amputation. Up to 90% of patients suffering from diabetes type 2 is either overweight or obese, and this contributes to mentioned complications, that are thought to lower life expectancy in those patients. National Diabetes Audit XXX shows that there is a significantly higher change of suffering from a variety of cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infraction – 55% additional risk, stroke – 34% higher risk when compared to general population, angina and heart failure, 76 and 74% increased risk, respectively. Furthermore, people suffering from diabetes have 337% additional risk of minor amputation and 222% of major amputation when compared to general population. Risk of renal replacement therapy in diabetic patients is 164% higher than non-diabetic people. Despite the numbers, heart disease is still the most prevalent complication od type 2 diabetes in England and Wales. The risk of cardiovascular disease increases further for South-Asian diabetics and for people living in the most deprived and poorest areas, up to 50% more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease when compared to least deprived diabetics. Patients suffering from diabetes type 2 and being obese are estimated to have a hospital admission due to heart failure twice as often as general population.

Diabetes is a very serious disease. Diabetes kill about 3.4 millions of people a year. We need to spend more money on diabetes research because we need to find a cure, we need stronger medicines, and figure out dietary solutions for people with type 2 diabetes.