Methane Hydrate Formation

Hydrates are combinations that are salts with water particles synthetically clung to them. Really, the holding is intriguing in that the water particles bond specifically to the metal cation. Hydrates fall in an expansive class called coordinated compounds in view of the sort

The following laboratory experiment calls for a moderate understanding of what a hydrate is, what its properties are, and how altering a hydrate’s chemical structure may cause the release of both water and acidic vapors. A hydrate itself is a chemical, typically a crystalline salt, which incorporates water (H2O) into its chemical structure. For example, the compound CoCl2 is merely cobalt (II) chloride, however, take the original compound and attach a water molecule and it becomes CoCl2 + 6 H2O. In other words, the original cobalt (II) chloride is now cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate.

For this experiment we analyze the percent water in a crystalline hydrate. By examining the percentage we then are able to identify the changes in compound and compare them to that of unknown possibilities. In order to identify what hydrate we’re experimenting with, it must first be weighted using an analytical balance and record its initial state. To begin the heating process, the hydrate is moved back and forth over a flame at a 45 degree angle in order to remove any water within the hydrate. Thus it becomes a anhydrous residue after heat is applied. In order to achieve a constant weight of 0.002g or less, the anhydrous needs to be heated several times in order to eliminate most of the water contained. By calculating the the initial and final stage of the hydrate, the percent water will be determined. Finally, by comparing the mass of water lost from the unknown hydrate, the compound can be referenced from a list of unknowns.

Canada is one of the Arctic States that according to the international law have presence economic activity on the Arctic shelf, while the status of the Canadian sector in the Arctic is the second largest which is 25% after Russian Federation sector which 40%. Arctic coastal states has same interests in the arctic zone due to the rich of covered and undiscovered natural resources. Canada also has the interest in the Arctic to exploit Arctic’s vast natural resources which is the oil and gas. As noted that the coastal area of the Canadian Arctic has huge reserves of methane hydrate, and according to the Heinenen (2014), if commercial production launched in the future, these reserves would last for several hundred years. Yet the current situations in the Canadian Arctic is the Canada does not conduct drilling on its Arctic shelf and also the safe technologies have not yet been developed.

The purpose of the Hydrate Lab was to identify the unknown hydrate while gaining a better understanding of the mole concept. To perform this lab, an unknown hydrate was heated, leaving just the anhydrate, and then by using the mass of the anhydrate and evaporated water and mole concept, the hydrate was identified. It was discovered that the unknown hydrate, substance “A,” was aluminum sulfate dekaokto hydrate. Two errors that may have occurred during the lab are not heating the hydrate enough so that all the water evaporates leaving only the anhydrate, and during heating, some of the hydrous salt may have spattered, thus removing a portion of the hydrous salt from the crucible. Although there were errors, there is one way to improve the lab

inside (“What is fracking and why is it controversial?”). This process of extraction is known to

Today there is great demand for natural gases and oils, we use them every day from our cars to running appliances in our houses. We have developed skills and techniques to extracting these gases and oils. One technique is Hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing also known as Fracking. Fracking has many dangers to it from polluting water supply, land and even air.

One of the most highly debated topics in the gas industry is hydraulic fracking. News about it is on the radio, tv and all over the internet. The truth about hydraulic fracking can be hard to find but is imperative to know the truth. The U.S Energy Information Administration estimates that the United States has 2,119 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas. They predict that 60% of this gas is “unconventional gas” that is stored in low permeability formations such as shale, coalbeds, and tight sands (Jackson, 2011).

2. Fracking illustrates some of the challenges we face in studying environmental science by not knowing the long term effects of fracking and not knowing if the natural gas outweighs the problems extraction causes.

It is either flared on site. Flaring is the process where unwanted gasses are pumped up a stack and burned creating other, less harmful gas. Cold venting is the alternative to flaring: it is where the gas is vented to the atmosphere, depending on location and surroundings. In an area where houses are nearby methane is normally burned off in a flare to produce a less poisonous gas, rather than venting pure methane. When methane is released from the flow-back and flaring is not an option, it is vented into the atmosphere. The methane is vented at a very high pressure in order to be lighter than air; this allows the air to dilute the methane to below an explosive concentration. Methane has an explosive limit of 5.0 percent by volume therefore without diluting it while venting an explosion would occur. Venting of methane on a hydraulic fracturing site is not visible by the human eye, although it does produce some noise. One of the radioactive constituents in flow-back water is radium, a naturally occurring material. The Environmental Protection Agency has a set limit for radium in drinking water and the amount found in samples taken from flow-back have exceeded these limits by several hundreds. (Geochemical Evaluation of Flow-back Brine, n.d.). Throughout the past fifty plus years researchers and environmentalists have determined the harmful effects of chemicals produced in industry. Therefore, with

Hydraulic fracturing is the process in which oil and gas is extracted from fractures found in wells that are hundreds of metres deep. In order to break these fractures extremely high volumes of water, chemicals and propellants are injected into the wells using large pipes. The propellants often consist of substances such sand, ceramic pellets or small incompressible particles which are used to hold open the fractures. (Earthworks, 2015) Due to the high amounts of internal pressure, the fluid is allowed to return to the surface containing naturally occurring materials such as brines, metals, radionuclides, and hydrocarbons. (Earthworks, 2015) Whilst an effective way of extracting these

Next the value of hydrothermal vents go beyond minerals.The vents have a bio-organism that is very important to us.In the fact that these microbes have somrthing in them that can cure cancer.These

The methane production rates of this experiment present similar results with the previous experiment with Ni. Methane produced was depending on the substrate used. Methanol, which is slowly consumed in the cultures, results in a steady increase in methane production (Figure 12). On the contrary, acetate, that was consumed rapidly, made a quick increase in methane production on early days of incubation (Figure 13). Also, on cultures using H2, there was also a lag phase before methane was produced significantly (Figure 14. A).

Hydro fracking is the process of drilling a well vertically into the ground, then drilling a horizontal well off of the vertical well and injecting fluids which consist of water and between three and twelve chemicals. These chemicals are injected underground at high pressures to crack open shale rock and release natural gas or oil trapped which may be trapped in the rock. This then allows the natural gas or oil to flow to the surface where it can then be collected (Prud 'homme

Resulting of recent technological innovations improving the ability of extracting natural gas from shale and other rock formation. The popularity of hydraulic fracturing remains leading in the direction of new venture opportunities and increasing growth for the natural gas and oil production industry. With the development, comes risk and scrutiny. According to Robert W. Howarth and Anthony Ingraffea natural gas extracted from shale comes at too great a cost to the environment, and must be illegal.