Marble Powder As A Partial Replacement Of Sand

Using our qualitative observations, we saw that as the height the marble was dropped from increased, the sand and orange powder in the tray reacted more, meaning that it was being hit with more force. By “reacted”, we mean that when the marble hit the sand, some of the sand around the marble sprang up in the air. With our second hypothesis, we dropped 3 different sizes of glass marbles each from a height of 40 cm. From smallest to largest, the average widths were 2.8 cm, 3 cm, and 3.7 cm. and the average depths were 1 cm, 1 cm, and 1.2 cm.

Concrete can be looked at as a material made from sand, gravel and cement. According to Lambert (2002), “the first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the Romans from around 300 BC”. Roman concrete like modern concrete was an artificial building material made up of aggregate, binding agent and water. Aggregate could be gravel, chunks of stone, chunks of rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent could be mud , lime or gypsum, mixed with rubbles stone. The Roman added pozzolona, a special volcanic dust found in central Italy (Archserve, n.d). The addition of pozzolona made the bond with the aggregate far stronger than what was traditionally being used. This development drastically changed and shaped construction work in the life of Rome.

When reading of the concrete that the ancient Romans used, and learning of their unique mixture of volcanic ash and slaked lime (“pozzolana”) I find it most interesting that this concrete still proves to be standing in some places today! It is said to be less sturdy than what we use here in America (Andrews, 2012) but no doubt it gave modern civilization the ingenuity to create what we use today.

In this quotation from the author Vitruvius, he explains the process and creation of concrete, emphasizes on its durability and how it can withhold the forces of nature. This new formula had a higher silica content then before, which essentially allowed to concrete to set under water and made it stronger then before.10 Overall, the use of concrete was crucial to construction in ancient Rome because it was extremely durable compared to other materials such as brick, stone, or wood.11 Having a successful and powerful empire was very important to the Roman’s as they believed that without a strong foundation, a strong empire would not be possible.12

What is concrete. According to Concrete Network (1999) “Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates. This combination, or concrete mix, will be poured and harden into the durable material with which we are all familiar”. The Roman's did it a little

From the ancient time marble is one of the most important materials used especially for decorative purposes. However its powder has bad effects on the environment, soil, water and health problems. Marble powder is produced from processing plants sawing and polishing of marble blocks. Some factories have water recycling plants containing flocculation tank and filter press unit. About 25% of the processed marble is turn into dust or powder form. About 7,000,000 tons of marble have been produced in the world. Disposal of the marble powder material of the marble industry is one of the environmental problems worldwide today. The refining of some fresh and hardened properties of concrete is successfully and economically achieved by utilizing and

Although the Romans did not invent concrete they did contribute to its uniqueness of the mixture of components by adding pozzolona. Pozzolona is distinctive volcanic dust originating

The Development of Concrete

By doing that the concrete could last for years. They used to do this for their docks because this mixture could last years in the wood under the pressure of the sea. Whenever the seawater hit this mixture the molecules would react and become stronger (Pruitt, 2013). Romans started using marble because it was the most sought out stone of the era. After

Aggregate is one of the basic constituents of concrete. Its quality is of considerable importance because about three-quarter of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregates. One of the physical properties of aggregate that influence the property of concrete is the grading of aggregate. The grading of aggregate defines the proportions of particles of different size in the aggregate. The grading of fine (size < 5 mm) and coarse (size > 5 mm) aggregates are generally required to be within the limits specified in BS 882: 1992.

Large amounts of solid wastes on large areas are produced by the marble processing industry. These are expected to increase as construction is continuously increasing as production of marble industry has been increasing annually in the recent years. Various natural stones like marble, slate granite etc which are cut and processed for used in industry are referred to as dimensional stones. Dimensional stones are characterized by aesthetics/acoustics and practicality in use. Marble is a crystalline, compact variety of metamorphosed limestone, consisting primarily of calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (Ca Mg (CO3)2) or a combination of both minerals.

Various researches have been done to explore the benefits of using crusher stone dust in concrete unit to enhancing the properties of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, etc replacing cement / fine aggregate by weight or by volume. In the previous investigation, researchers used fiber like polypropylene, nylon polyester, coconut coir, glass fiber, steel fiber etc. for the enhancement of mechanical properties and partial or full replacement of ingredient of concrete by fly ash, stone dust, and unconventional coarse aggregate in paver block. A brief description of previous research work on utilisation of alternative of fine aggregate and fiber used in concrete paver block is given below.

Abstract-Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering industry because of its high structural strength and stability. Cement and sand is a major constituent material of the concrete which produced by natural raw material like lime and silica and natural sand respectively. Once situation may occurs there will be no lime on earth production of cement also natural sand. This situation leads to think all people working in construction industry to do research work on cement replacing material and natural sand for use of it. The construction industry is constantly looking for supplementary cement and natural sand material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), quarry sand are the solid wastes generated by Industry. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of Cement with GGBS, natural sand with quarry sand (QS) can be an economic Alternative. The cubes are tested for compressive strengths. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced by GGBS of 0%, 30%, 40%,50% and natural sand replacement by QS 0%, 40%, 50%,

Perturbation, which is a consequential property of the mortar fraction of the concrete, depends on fiber quantity and voids that results as defects where micro-cracking commences, and the faculty of the matrix to accommodate fibers.G58. When the coarse aggregate weight more than sand aggregated weight, the effect of fiber is a very slight effect on compressive strengths as revealed by the numbers. In this case the aggregate will have more role play in compressive strengths. Therefore, higher number of macro-fibers (more than 1” cut length) in the concrete leads to a slight lower in compressive strength due to increase of voids. While the higher number of micro-fibers (less than 1”

“Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in controlled proportions and of a suitable quality.” (Chudley R and Greeno R: 2006).