Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout
Stanley Osuagwu
Florida International University
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterize by symmetric polyarthritis and joint changes including erythema, effusion and tenderness. Its course is characterize by remission and exacerbations. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect several organ, but usually involve synovial tissue changes in the freely movable joints like the wrist, the PIP joint, the metacarpophalangeal joints. This article provide a comprehensive review of the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pharmacological therapy and the nursing implication.
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic
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Most evidence today support the concept that the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis has its bases in an inflammatory response involving the immune system. Other theory of causation include genetic factors, infectious agents and an antigen-antibody response. It is unlikely that a single factor is responsible for all cases of rheumatoid arthritis.
Pathophysiology
The main physiologic changes associated with rheumatoid arthritis include synovial membrane proliferation followed by erosion of the subarticular cartilage and subchondral bone. Although the exact etiology of RA is unknown, enormous evidence points to a series of immunologic events. Specific major histocompatibility complex (HMC) class 11 allele and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are seen more frequently in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The pathogenesis begins with stimulation of B and T lymphocyte and their proliferation which leads to activation of the blood vessel in the synovial membrane. As the synovial membrane enlarges lymphocyte and macrophages moves toward the area to phagocytize the invading antigen.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the U.S is now estimated to be 1.29 million people or 0.6 percent of the population. This figure show a reduction from the previous estimate of 2.1 million people. The prevalence and incidence of new cases per year appear to be decreasing since the 1960s. although there is a decline, rheumatoid arthritis appear in women twice as
Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. RA is a progressive and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that affects the joints symmetrically, causing a range of systemic effects. What it causes is still not well known; nevertheless, findings of new research points towards a believe that it is triggered by a defective immune system, which causes the release of inflammatory chemicals. These chemicals cause damage to cartilage and bone, usually affecting the wrists, the joints of the hand, including the knuckles, the middle joints of the fingers and feet. While this condition can affect any joints, besides, important body organs such as the eyes and the lungs can also be affected by the inflammation that occurs as a result of this chronic condition. Only in America 1.3 million of people are affected by this ailment, and 75 % of them are mainly women. Its onset usually occurs between fourth and sixth decades; however, RA can occur at any age("Diseases And
If Rhetoric has been used for so long, Why do you believe there is so much questions and doubt on it?
Rheumatoid Arthritis has been subject of numerous studies and researches in the look for a better understanding of how it effects the individuals diagnosed with it. There is a higher incident of females diagnosed with RA than male as well as a relationship with genetic and environmental factors involved. Around one percent of the world population is affected by RA; therefore, diverse studies have been performed to understand how the lives of the diagnosed patients can be impacted by the disease. For example, how RA affects the mobility, safety and activities of daily living in general as well as the development of interventions to better approach RA. On
Today in the United States there is an estimated 1.3 million people living and dealing with rheumatoid arthritis (Arthritis Foundation). One might ask, what exactly is rheumatoid arthritis? Well, rheumatoid arthritis, also commonly known as RA, is a form of inflammatory disease and an autoimmune disease. If the person is a minor, or below the age of six-teen, then the chronic disease can also go by the name of juvenile arthritis. The juvenile arthritis is, “Defined as chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, with unknown etiology, which starts before the age of sixteen and persists for at least six weeks” (Hink et al 1). This disease can affect anyone with a functioning immune system. Out of the 1.3 million people in the United States that have rheumatoid arthritis, 70% of that number is women (RA.com). Once again there are no certain reasons as to who receives this disease whether its children, elders, Caucasians, African Americans, etc. But once they do receive the illness, then it affects them immensely. “The disease is systemic, meaning it can occur throughout the whole body. It’s a chronic disease, so it can’t be cured” (Arthritis Foundation). The pain, stiffness and fatigue can affect the entire body. “RA occurs when your immune system, the system that protects your body from outside harm, mistakenly starts attacking healthy tissue” (RA.com). Rheumatoid arthritis is an incurable disease that is affecting
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joints, causing horrific symptoms such as immense pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of physical function (What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?). Joint pain which affects over seventy million Americans each year, can be discomfort, pain, or inflammation arising from any part of a joint, including cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, or muscles (Rheumatoid Arthritis.). It is very common in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis, which is inflammation or pain from within the joint itself. It can be mild, causing soreness only after certain activities, or it can be severe making even limited movement, particularly bearing
Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by “wear and tear” of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general body disease.
"Rheumatoid joint inflammation is an interminable infection set apart by irritation of the joints, frequently influencing the hand joints and both sides of the body in the meantime" (Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 2009).
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that is systemic in nature but primarily targets and damages the synovial joints. It is characterized by painful, swollen, stiff joints, which manifest primarily in the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet. RA is more common among women than men and increases in prevalence with age, however it can also occur in young adults and children (Lee & Weinblatt, 2001).
In the early 1970s, a number of rheumatoid arthritis cases occurred in Lyme, Connecticut. Researchers considered
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterised by the inflammation of the joints, often accompanied by deformities. Moreover, rheumatoid arthritis is a gradual condition, developing over several months and years. Furthermore, diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis the moment its symptoms appear is vital for its treatment and prevention. Considering the fact that rheumatoid arthritis has no exact cause and no known cure, many people are participating in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a joint attacking disease, but RA can attack any organ in the body. There is no unique test to diagnose RA, doctors look at signs and symptoms of the patient. Infectious agents have long been suspected as potential triggers of RA. Some external triggers, such as smoking, infection, or trauma could even affect the
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. While inflammation of the tissue around the joints and inflammatory arthritis are characteristic features of rheumatoid arthritis, the disease can also cause inflammation and injury in other organs in the
The huge amount of risk factors for the impact of gout in male and female has now been published in epidemiological studies. Therefore, gout has a strong association with many common morbid risk factors, and directly increases the prevalence and incidence; cause mortality beyond that expected. According to AIHW study, the incidence of gout was 4 times higher in male than in female and increased with age. In concluding, Arthritis and other Musculoskeletal Conditions, such as Gout, should remain on the list of National Priority in
Cell phones in class, if used the right way will help teach the class. Cell phones are more modern and it's a good way for the students to interact with the class. There are a lot of different apps that will help you in school, there is even an app for you to check your grades on. The apps can help you in your class if your teacher involves them. Everyone has a cell phone so let's use it to help us in school.
When a person has a drug addiction, they have a disease that has the ability to affect and hurt the entire family. Everyone in the addict’s immediate family is affected in one way or another. Addiction impacts a family’s finances, physical health as well as psychological wellbeing. It can also cause tension, miscommunication, and more frequent arguments within a household which in turn creates an unhealthy environment for everyone involved. The addict can be very unpredictable which can cause anxiety, emotional pain, stress, and a loss of trust because that person cannot be counted on to follow through with what they say. Frequently, the people who are addicted don’t even realize or believe they are causing these problems within their families. And unfortunately, they don’t view themselves as sick or suffering from a problem, so they don’t reach out for help. When the person finally realizes they may have a problem, they believe the solution is to escape and run away from their addiction.