Management Accounting

cognizant of the fact that the choices he makes can affect the price a buyer pays

Because more categories and more refining provide more accurate information, but it is really difficult and costly to track more categories. The best option is to simplify the categories, in result, reducing the cost of ABC system.

Company operates in the Industrial Sector – Services, and Industry – Regional Airlines. According to the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC), company belongs to the industry group 451: Air

In the first quarter of 2012, the beginning balance in the refund reserve account was $67.45 million while the ending balance was $81.56, which resulted in a $14.1 million excess accrued expenses. Assuming that the accrued expense for refund reserve was $100 million for the first quarter, the refund issued in 2012 would be $85.89 million (67.45+100-81.56).

Historical cost is the most common adopted measurement basis in the IASB; FASB suggests that market selling price (Fair Value) is more accurate description of how much assets and liabilities are currently reflected in financial reporting (SFAC 5, 2008). In other words, it was about the historical cost versus fair value. Historical cost gives priority to existing shareholders and regard stewardship as an important function of financial reporting (Whittington, 2008). Historical cost records actual transaction with supporting documents so the financial report is less subject to manipulation by management (Shortridge et al., 2006). The information is relevant to forecasting future cash flows within entity specific perspective rather than direct valuation of future cash flows. Historical cost accounting may lack relevance as during period of inflation (Pozen, 2009). The fact that relevant information has predictive value strengthens its decision making power over reliability principle (KAYA,

Managerial accounting is a concept used in businesses to manage internal systems. Understanding the importance of effective decision making, planning and control creates a foundation for value within the company on a more in depth level. Planning and controlling is measured by performance based on budgeting accounts. Understanding the concepts and techniques used in managerial accounting helps to insure functioning operations within each department and has the ability to create a completive edge. Competitively speaking, managerial accounting gives

For instance, the concept of cost estimation which assists in estimating future expenditure as the expenditure depends on the cost of the respective activities can be applied in the setting of a budget which is simply an estimate and schedule of all costs required to be assigned to an activity. One can make an estimation of the resources required for an activity by applying the cost estimation techniques. Since there are limiting factors to each activity such as scarcity of resources for activities, the concept of constraints can be applied together with the concept of cost volume profit analysis to ensure that maximum benefits are driven from the scarce resources and the number of activities that are available. This facilitates the allocation of resources that most equitable and profitable. The theory of constraints is also applicable in the process of setting up budgets. In setting up budget one considers the amount of resources that are available and cannot therefore set a budget plan that exceeds the amount of resources that are available. This implies that the budget is constrained by the amount of

From an accountant 's point of view, the term "cost" refers to the amount spent (cash or the cash equivalent) when an item was originally obtained, whether that purchase happened last year or thirty years ago. For this reason, the amounts shown on financial statements are referred to as historical cost amounts.

| | |justify valid conclusions |advantages and disadvantages of them and show deep understanding |

* Historical cost is based on actual, not merely possible, transactions. It is the acquisition price of the assets. The managers only have to record all the assets and liabilities at their acquisition price. Hence they are measured and reported objectively. Historical cost is therefore basically verifiable. Thus, this minimizes the risk of manipulation of figures by the managers.

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“Management Accounting is the utilization of proper strategies and ideas in preparing chronicled and anticipated financial information of a substance to help administration in setting up arrangements for sensible monetary goals really taking shape of judicious choices with a view towards these destinations."

Part II.  Refer to the latest annual financial statements for the two following companies: Apple:

Their main reason for creating Product Red was to raise awareness and money for the Global Fund by teaming up with the world’s most iconic brands to products that would be sold. A percentage of each product sold would be donated to the Global Fund to help women and children affected by pandemics such HIV/AIDS and malaria. A basket of consumer goods were launched to this effect which included Product Red- American express card, vintage t-shirts, Motorola handsets, converse wear, apple iPod, Emperio Armani and also an edition of the Independent.

1a. Management Accounting is a portion of the total information system in a business or an organization. (p.22) Management accounting as well as other forms of accounting is concerned with the collecting and analysing financial information and then communicating the information to the people in charge of the decision-making. (p.16) Its features are the identification, recording, analysis and reporting of information.