Madison O’Reilly is a 6-year-old Caucasian female who has been brought to the pharmacy’s walk in clinic. Her mother states, she woke up about 3 hours ago crying with pain in her right ear. She also has a fever of 102 Fahrenheit. The otoscopic exam reveals a red, bulging eardrum. Madison weighs 36 pounds/ 16 kg.
1. What beta-lactam antibiotic will you prescribe? According to Epocrates, the drug of choice would be amoxicillin (Amoxil), which is in the penicillin family. If failed treatment occurs, a higher dosage of amoxicillin should be prescribed or the drug should be changed to amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin). This should be tried before changing to a different drug class (Epocrates, 2014). Typically amoxicillin would be
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Pharmacotherapeutics
Precautions & Contraindications Whether or not the patient has had a previous hyper-sensitivity reaction to cephalosporins or a previous reaction to penicillins must be questioned. Caution should be used when prescribing amoxicillin to patients with renal failure or patients who are pregnant (EMC, n.d.). Amoxicillin does not treat viral infections or leukemia. Both of these should be ruled out if treatment is not successful.
Adverse Drug Reactions Nausea, vomiting, and oral thrush can occur with repeated or prolonged usage. Other side effects of antibiotics can be diarrhea. The diarrhea may also be a sign of a new infection such as, clostridium difficile. Anti-diarrheal medications are not indicated unless instructed by your provider (rxlist, n.d.).
Drug to Drug Interactions Amoxicillin can interact with medications such as Diuretics, oral contraceptives, Probenecid, Tetracyclines, and Warfarin (Woo, 2012).
Drug to Food Interactions There are not currently any drug to food interactions when taking this medication.
4. What patent teaching will you provide? When prescribing medications to children the parent or caregiver needs to be educated on the medication. Amoxicillin is excreted by the kidneys, so while using this medication; the child needs to drink plenty of fluids. Take the medication as
Although it is preferred that pregnant women do not take medications because of the affects it could have on the baby, there are a number of antibiotics that are effective in treating kidney and urinary tract infections that are known to be safe for both mother and baby. Such antibiotics are cephalexin, ampicillin, and
Given the fact that Mr BT is allergic to penicillins, is cephalexin therapy contraindicated here?
Therapeutic Alternatives: includes esomeprazole with clarithromycin and amoxicillin or to combine Omeprazole with clarithromycin and amoxicillin.
Antibiotics: i.e. Amoxicillin, a penicillin based antibiotic which fights bacteria in your body. It can only be taken if you are not allergic to Penicillin and do not have
There is limited evidence for the pre-hospital use of Benzylpenicillin. Using medical search engines/databases including PubMed & prehospitalresearch.eu, searching for adults, Benzylpenicillin & pre-hospital bought back very limited appropriate articles. One study found showing the use of Benzylpenicillin pre-hospital came back quite disappointing. The number of cases audited was low and the majority of the information was
Here’s a list of medications that are known to interact with this drug. There may be others not listed. If you have any questions, ask your
Generally, it is used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear, lung, skin, and urinary tract infections. Ampicillin comes in three forms: capsule, liquid, and pediatric drops. Capsules should be kept at room temperature and not stored in bathrooms to avoid excessive heat and moisture. Ampicillin and penicillin are both beta-lactamase agents. This means they affect the formation of the bacterial cell wall, specifically the final step: binary fission. Ampicillin is different from penicillin because of an amino group. This amino group allows ampicillin to also be effective on gram-negative cell
It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis (8). Because of this resistance, clindamycin is usually only used in penicillin allergic patients. No interactions that would reduce efficacy of clindamycin or other medications exist (5).
botulinum antibiotics are recommended for their treatment (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). However, antibiotics should not be used on patients with other types of C. botulinum because it can advance the release of the toxins (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). There are three different antibiotics that can be used on wound C. botulinum patients, Penicillin G (Pfizerpen), Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin), and Clindamycin (Cleocin). Penicillin G is the preferred drug for wound C. botulinum the other two are an alternative to penicillin (Chan-Tack, 2015). “Penicillin G interferes with synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in bactericidal activity against susceptible microorganisms” (Chan-Tack, 2015). “Chloramphenicol binds to 50S bacterial-ribosomal subunits and inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. Effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria” (Chan-Tack, 2015). “Clinadmycin inhibits bacterial growth, possibly by blocking dissociation of peptidyl tRNA from ribosomes, causing RNA-dependent protein synthesis to arrest” (Chan-Tack, 2015). The adverse effects of Penicillin G are seizures and anemia. The adverse effects of Chloramphenicol have a less than one percent frequency, but include nightmares, headache and a rash (Chan-Tack, 2015). The adverse effects of Clindamycin include abdominal pain, diarrhea and fungal overgrowth (Chan-Tack,
What is the incidence of nephrotoxicity with concomitant use of Vancomycin and Zosyn? How can it be prevented and/or treated?
Sometimes medicines are not needed if the case isn’t serious. If the infection needs serious attention, doctors will first cut or drain the infected area and then determine if there is any bacterial resistance to antibiotics. If the bacteria is resistant to any type of antibiotic then the doctor will not prescribe any to the patient.
Adverse reactions to drugs are common and almost any drug can cause an adverse reaction.
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
It has been a widely held belief for many years that antibiotics are a type of “cure all” used by doctors. However, due to some disturbing medical cases, doctors are becoming increasingly concerned that the same antibiotics they have been using for a number of years may start causing more medical issues than they are helping. In this article there are two real life examples of families who have experienced devastating consequences antibiotics not working as they should.
Examples of antibiotics that are commonly used in infection treatment include: gentamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and carbenicillin