Lung Tumor Motion Lab Report

For this assignment, I will use the websites, lab and learning materials from this week and complete an internet search of my own on breathing. I will write a two -page essay that explains the location of the respiratory areas that control breathing and explain control of normal breathing. I will also write the definition of each of the respiratory air volumes and capacities.

Utilize your resources such as your text and the Welch library online for UpToDate. Look at the example case for format

The respiratory system is a complex organ structure of the human body anatomy, and the primary purpose of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood vessels to carry the precious gaseous element to all parts of the body to accomplish cell respiration. The respiratory system completes this important function of breathing throughout inspiration. In the breathing process inhaling oxygen is essential for cells to metabolize nutrients and carry out some other tasks, but it must occur simultaneously with exhaling when the carbon dioxide is excreted, this exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood (McGowan, Jefferies & Turley, 2004).

Exhalation, (breathing out), is the opposite of inhalation and occurs when the inspiratory muscles relax causing the diaphragm to depress which decreases the lung volume. This decrease in volume causes the alveolar pressure to increase therefore the carbon dioxide in the lungs flows from a high pressure to a lower pressure in the atmosphere. (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011)

Size of the lung masses of inadequate sample groups (37.7±5.3) were significantly smaller statistically (p value=0.01) compared to the group where sample was adequate (54.69±3.49). This is in agreement with the study by Guimarães et al In this study, lesions with diameters equal to or larger than 40 mm supplied larger amounts of adequate material for analysis than lesions with diameters of less than 40 mm. This study also stated that the superior lobe lesions supplied a proportionally larger amount of adequate material for analysis when compared with other locations. However this finding was not noted in my study. Layfield et al. reported that the location of thoracic lesions affect the sample adequacy of CT guided FNAC of the lung lesions, with peripheral and larger lesions providing more adequate sample. However Yankelevitz et al. & Guimarães et al23 both showed that the distance between the lesion and the pleural surface did not influence the probability of obtaining adequate sample. In my study also, there was no statistically significant difference in obtaining adequate material between the peripheral and deep seated

their air, leaving some air in the lungs at the end of exhalation. We refer to this as

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |

The thorax is similar to an airtight box that holds the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by diaphragm which is a large muscle. The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity.

Like insects, these mammals prevent their gas exchange systems from drying out by having an internalized respiratory system. Mammals ventilate their gas exchange system (lungs) when the diaphragm, a dome-shaped cup with a flexible rim, contracts and moves down. At the same time the rib muscles contract causing the ribcage, which protects and supports the lungs, to expand and move upwards. This increases the internal volume of the chest cavity and the lungs, decreasing the pressure on the lungs. As pressure decreases air flows through two air ways, the nose or mouth, past the pharynx and down through the trachea into the lungs. Air taken in through the nose is warm and moistened, helping maintain a constant body temperature. It is also filtered by tiny hairs, called cilia, lining the nasal passage. Once past the pharynx air passes through the trachea. This is a large tube strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage, preventing the air way from collapsing in on itself due to the force of gravity. Like the nose the trachea is also lined with tiny hair like projections called cilia, filtering the incoming air, preventing unwanted substances clogging the gas exchange system. The trachea splits into two bronchi also containing bands of cartilage, each enters one of the two lungs. The bronchi then divided into smaller, finer branches of tubes called bronchioles. As the tubes decrease in size the

The bronchi and bronchiole tubes are loosely wrapped with muscle. During regular breathing, the muscles around these airways are relaxed (5). This allows air to flow freely through these passageways to the alveoli. However, during an asthma attack, air has trouble reaching the alveoli, which prevents the body from receiving oxygen. This is because the airways become smaller. Firstly, the muscles around the airways spasm and contract. This then causes inflammation of the bronchioles and bronchi themselves, which causes a mucus to be produced.

This study was conducted to test whether or not lung capacity and breath holding time are positively correlated. After performing a simple study to test these two factors, it was found that they are in fact not correlated at all. Both lung capacity and breath holding time have many different influencing factors that make them uncorrelated to each other.

The last major component of the respiratory tract are the muscles of respiration. These sets of muscles surround the lungs and allow air to be inhaled and exhaled from them. The diaphragm is the principal muscle of respiration in humans, and it is a thin sheet of muscle that makes up the bottom end of the thorax. When it contracts, it moves downward into the abdominal cavity, pulling more air into the lungs by expanding the space in the thoracic cavity. When it is relaxed, air is able to flow back out of the lungs. In addition, there are also many intercostal muscles that are located between the ribs and assist in the expansion and compression of the lungs.

As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

Selected abdominal/thoracic and pelvic tumor motions were all obtained by Per Polsen [1, 2] as representing characteristic three-dimensional motion patterns for those sites. For the lung, motions represented a “typical motion”, high frequency breathing, predominantly lateral motion and characterized baseline shift from planned position. The represented prostate motions were continuous drift, persistent excursion from planned position, transient excursion and high frequency excursion.

To take breathe in, there are mechanical activities that must occur. Rule is the volume changes leading to pressure changes, which leads to the flow of gasses to equalize pressure. Inspiration is when air flows into the lungs, chest is expanded laterally,