Longitudinal Research Studies

N., Tomsich, E., Gover, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2016)). As Mrs. Whitfield was going through college she would have various flash backs of her childhood. 25% of women and 15% of men have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) before the age of 25. It was often said that college students who have been involved in DV struggles academically, transfer institutions, or just drop out completely. Mrs. Whitfield would be labeled as a victim-offender because she was once a victim and now she is the offender. “Research on the victim-offender overlap observes this trend across delinquency, property crimes, and violent offenses, with the relationship between victimization and offending being strongest for violent crimes, particularly homicide” (Jennings et al., 2012). This would explain why Mrs. Whitfield had expressed that she killed her ex-husband because she caught him cheating and it was with a white woman. She witnessed her mother killing her father because he had cheated on her with a colleague. It has been shown in a study that females were offending equal to or greater than males. Physical maltreatment increases the risk for violence later on in life. Children who have witness and/or experienced the direct benefits of

Domestic violence perpetrators that become involved in the criminal justice system are overwhelmingly male offenders between the ages of 18 and 35 years old. Data from studies conducted in the United States have revealed that a significant amount of male abusers have had some type of previous contact with the criminal justice system. It should be noted that this contact includes positive and negative encounters. Since abusers come from all walks of life, they can be respected law-abiding members of their communities or unpopular individuals with a criminal history. There are no set standards or explicit personality traits that wholly identify abusers. However, researchers have identified certain indicators and risk factors that may predispose one to become an abuser (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009).

Is maltreatment of minority youth responsible for their criminal behavior as adults? The authors of the article I chose sought to find out the adverse effects of maltreatment and the indicators that preceded youth committing crime and recidivism (Baglivio, Wolff, Piquero, Bilchik, Jackowski, Greenwald & Epps, 2015). They used current research studies and built upon it to further show youth prior or concurrent involvement in the child welfare and delinquency system (Baglivio et al., 2015) can reveal indicators for future behavior. The researchers first examined prior differences in the juvenile justice processing system. Youth with a prior history of the family being involved in the welfare system was less likely to be sanctioned for committing

This is a longitudinal cross sectional study of all children and adolescents patients with LN following inPediatric Allergy and Immunology clinic, Children 's Hospital, Ain Shams University in the period between October 2013 and February 2014.

The long-term effects of experiences during development provide heterogeneity in behavioral studies. For example, though childhood maltreatment has been shown to be a robust predictor of adolescent and adult antisocial behaviors, not all children who have been abused go on to display such behavioral problems. A number of potential explanations for

Dr. Cathy S. Widom of the Department of Psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, showed that youth "who had been abused or neglected as children were more likely to be arrested as juveniles (27 percent versus 17 percent), adults (42 percent versus 33 percent) and for a violent crime (18 percent versus 14 percent)" than a comparable control group of young people with no comparable history of abuse or neglect. In the early study by Widom, the researcher followed children who had been abused and/or neglected approximately 25 years earlier through an examination of official criminal records, then compared them with a matched control group of children of the same age, sex, race, and approximate social class (Widom, 2017). The author conducted this research in a metropolitan county in the Midwest using cases of child abuse and neglect that came to the attention of the courts from 1989 through 1992. An assessment of criminal behavior found that early child abuse and neglect increased the risk of arrest as a juvenile by 55% and increased the risk of being arrested for a violent crime as a juvenile by 96%. These researchers also found that those with a history of being abused or neglected "were younger at first arrest

While the theoretical reasoning that supports the idea that child abuse often leads to crime gives a basis for the concept, much of the evidence that links the two lies in the concrete details. The visible effects of child abuse and neglect that assist with the basis that has been given by the psychological theories lies in observable behavioral and emotional effects of those who are known to have been subject to maltreatment as children. Some children who have a history with abuse do not experience any repercussions while others experience extreme consequences; this is largely because of the certain child’s ability to handle and grow from negative experiences (Child Welfare Information Gateway 3). Children who experience consequences

Her research also analyzed the gender difference between the predictability of future violent behavior based on the individual’s aggressive nature as a child (Cauffman, 2008). Males who displayed aggressive behaviors in their adolescent years were much easier to predict future criminal activity, whereas females did not openly express their aggressive behavior, it is difficult to predict future criminal activity based on aggressiveness (p. 127). Making predictions only based on external characteristics is difficult for females so much that sometimes the predictors can’t be visible until adolescence (129). Victimization in childhood years is a significant predictor for females in comparison to males. Empirical evidence explains that females are abused at higher rates than males on a national level. This helps to explain that 92 percent of females who get arrested have been either physically, emotionally, or sexually abused before their

Fox, B. H., Perez, N., Cass, E., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2015). Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 163-173. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011

Domestic violence has grown to become a prevalent issue within households in the United States. Being such a great issue, we come to question the percentage of children affected and the impact it has on their social development and interaction with others. It is crucial for us to understand and recognize the long term effects that domestic violence can have on adolescents.

Young adults’ immoral behavior has its roots in chronic deficits of parental love and affection going back to early infancy. Future delinquents habitually have a disorganized, disintegrating family lives. This often leads to aggression and opposition toward others outside the family. Young adults in today’s society are in a constant struggle with the simplest issues in life. This is due to the child’s inability to have a strong parental attachment to one or both of their parents early on in his or her life; furthermore researchers have linked this to violence in young adults.

The United States is one of the most violent industrialized nations in the world, exposing over sixty percent of children to direct or indirect violence, and more than three million children to domestic violence, each year (Safehorizon; Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby & Kracke, 2009). The increasing prevalence of violence in modern society is undeniable, presenting itself both in the home and in the community. Witnessing violence can be traumatic for individuals of any age; however, when exposed to violence as a child, the results can be detrimental to emotional functioning. Family and neighborhood characteristics are regarded as important influences on children’s psychological adjustment and research has shown that being

When the child is a witness of the beatings going on it can make them skittish or often violent. Children who grow up in violent homes have much higher risks of becoming drug or alcohol abusers or even being involved in abusive relationships, as an abuser or a victim. Children do not have to be abused themselves in order to be impacted by violence in the home. When the child is at school they may seem to be depressed or have anxiety issues. The child can end up being so depressed on what has occurred in his or her life and think that suicide is the only way out of what they are feeling.

Child abuse is a serious concern of society because of the negative effects on later social and psychological functioning. Particularly, the concern of ‘the cycle of violence hypothesis’ which is one of the most influential conceptual models for antisocial behaviour in the social and behavioural science (DeLisi, Kosloski, Vaughn, Caudill, & Trulson, 2014; Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2007). Numerous studies have documented the association between childhood physical abuse and later aggressive behavior and violence delinquency in adolescent (Lansford et al. 2007; Salzinger, Rosario, & Feldman, 2007; Crooks, Scott, Wolfe, Chiodo, & Killip, 2007). One of the most pervasive claims in literature for the

"Child abuse is a major public health concern that is linked to various negative outcomes late in life, including adult crime” (Jung et al.). This statement is found to be true according to recent research that states many of adult criminals often suffered from physical or mental abuse from their parents or guardians during childhood. It is important to note and take action upon this criminological occurrence because abuse is very common within the United States and needs to stop occurring since it is very harmful not only for the victim but the rest of society as well. If abuse halts, children will be less inclined to develop the background and early behaviors of criminals at impressionable ages during youth. In order to get to the bottom of crimes against children and their repercussions, this phenomenon can be explained through recent research and the three sociological theories of rational choice by Cornish and Clarke, strain theory by Robert Merton, and social bond theory by Travis Hirschi.