Language and Parole

In Meaning and Reference , Hilary Putnam famously produced the twin-earth scenario to argue for semantic externalism (henceforth externalism), the view that the meaning of some expressions is partly determined external to the speaker’s mental states. In this essay I will first lay out Putnam’s argument for externalism. Then I will extend his scenario and show that externalism faces various problems. Lastly, I will cast doubt on Putnam’s idea that the essence of the term “water” is its molecular structure. Hence Putnam’s twin-earth scenario fails to establish externalism.

The cueing system is made up of four cueing systems: Grapho-phonemic, Syntactic, Semantic, and Pragmatic. Each is used in language development and are important for communication. Grapho-phonemic cues are related to the sounds we hear (both individual letters and letter combinations), the letters of the alphabet and the conventions of print (Hughes, The Four Cueing Systems, 2007). Syntactic cueing system is having knowledge about language. The syntactic system provides information about the form and the structure of the language, including whether or not

Today there are several options a judge can grant an offender in regards to the punishment they shall fulfill before or after trial. This refers to any way ranging to non imprisonment yet supervised ways used to deal with criminal offenders who are facing conviction or who has been convicted.. There are punishment an offender may receive such as fines, community service, electronic surveillance also know as house arrest, shock probation, intensive supervision, residential community supervision etc. The most common punishment used by the justice system is probation as well as parole. Probation is the release of an offender from detention , subject to a period of good behavior under supervision. An individual may be granted probation as an

The history of probation and parole influences the decisions that are made in the Adult Court System toward the supervision of adult offenders by considering community corrections and involve supervision in the community. In the criminal justice system, there are many individuals locked up in local, state, and federal institutions. John Augustus probation bears much resemblance to probation as it is practiced today. He took great care in deciding which prisoners were promising candidates for probation. He also considers the offender’s character, age and factors that would have an impact on the offender after being released. His efforts actually were resisted by police, court clerks, and turnkeys who were paid only when offenders were incarcerated (Klein, 1997). The punishment for violating probation or parole is to continue supervision or to withdraw and incarcerate the offender.

Parole allows our criminals an early release from prison with a strategy and a promise that this prisoner will return to become a productive member of society. Probation on the other hand, is an almost release opportunity for the offender to go back into society. Both have their parole officers to check in with by order of the court system. Both offer reintegration into their communities. However, there’s a risk that follows the offenders such as recidivism. It’s no surprise that criticisms surround the parole and probation due to the victimization of the offender’s communities. Probation is a privilege that can be revoked by the courts, withdrawing the offender’s conditional freedoms if any parole violation occurs. Community corrections are

In regards to Case Study B, the facts of the case, are noted through the textbook that the female offender is on parole, after serving her two years for aggravated assault. She was on your parole watch, for the last five months and only has seven more months. She has been reporting regularly but has recently missed her appointment with the parole officer, and the parole officer, recently found that she had quit her job, and still needs to finish up court ordered conditions. It was found through the text that Ms. York “quit coming to work, three weeks ago, and has now been replaced at her job” with missing work for three months, and not reporting to the parole officer, it does raise some red flags in regards to having to deal with Ms. York.

I enrolled at Missouri State University in the spring semester of 2014. I had declared my major in Criminology and Criminal Justice due to my passion for helping others. I have always been a firm believer that everyone deserves help, no matter what situation they may be in. I knew that this field was what I loved learning about, however in the beginning I was not quite sure on what field I wanted to focus on. Nevertheless, after watching a documentary in a class I was enrolled in about the life of a parole officer, I knew this is what my purpose in life should be. After long consideration I determined that Probation and Parole is what I am the most passionate about.

Probation and parole are an important part of the criminal justice process, and both are

Throughout twenty-centuries ago, writers thought that ordinary language and literary language were two different languages. But this is an analytical assumption. There is only one language, which

The Language Wars have been waged in the realm of English Literature, Language and Linguistics for years. Both sides of the argument are staunch believers in their position, but are more than willing to concede points to the other sides’ favour. In Bryan A. Garner’s essay, “Making Peace in the Language Wars”, he describes himself as a ‘descriptive prescriber’ (Garner, Making Peace in the Language Wars 2008, 270), and offers a truce that fulfils both sides of the argument as the crux of his essay. While the separate sides of the argument are relatively easy to define, it seems that no one sticks to them religiously, and the argument is between individuals fighting over individual points. The two sides are that of the descriptivist and that

“The History of the English Language”. http://www.uni-due.de/SHE/. Univ. of Duisburg Essen. April 2013. Web 4 Oct. 2013.

Key features of language include its words and their sub structures such as morphemes, graphemes and syllables at the writing level as well as reading or speaking, words, their meanings and contexts in which the words get spoken or read. Language has to be interpreted as a whole, and not just as the specific word. There must be an explicit pattern or structure. In order for language to be understood correctly, the meaning of words must be arranged in a given context. This is what constructs language; even though words are arbitrary themselves, in order to integrate as a language, they must be used in the appropriate context. This pre-established cultural context is what will enable effective communication. (Daniel Willingham, 2007, p. 1).

One of today's most hotly debated topics in the criminal justice field is whether or not individual states should abandon the parole system. Many people feel it is time to do away with parole, while others are fighting for its survival. As with any controversial change, there are pros and cons to both sides of the argument, all of which are very convincing. The basic arguments for and against the abolition of the parole system at the state level can be easily defined.

Modern day linguistics has seen the arrival of many different viewpoints of language. Beginning with Noam Chomsky, unquestionably one of the most influential figures in recent linguistics, new theories and ideas have been introduced at a rapid rate. In part due to his status as a revitalizer in the field, but also due to his often controversial theories, Chomsky maintains a place at the center of this discussion. His search for a universal grammar and criticism of pure descriptivism have informed generations of research. Much of this has been reactionary against him, but his influence can not be discounted. His theories of a universal grammar have inspired writers on both sides of the debate. Paul Hopper argues against this view, positing

Linguistics has impacted cognitive psychology as the quest to understand language acquisition and the structure of language itself is undertaken. Linguistics is a complex and multifaceted; it includes language structural patterns and language development (Barsalou, 2005). The process of language development is complicated and dense, as the study of language is examined; the role of cognition is inherently examined and analyzed. Sternberg (2006) also explores language as an innate process and presents the idea that humans are born ready for language as a biological and cognitive process.