Introduction Within this report I am going to state how the King’s Cross Underground fire in 1987 happened and the evacuation process that the authorities followed. I am also going to state why this incident led to the identification of a method of fire propagation known as the “trench effect”. 1. A brief report on the incident and the evacuation (500) At King's Cross provides both the mainline railway station above ground and subsurface platforms for the Metropolitan line. There are also the underground tube lines for the Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria lines. There were two separate escalator shafts leading down to the Victoria and Piccadilly lines; the Northern line was reached from the Piccadilly line. Stairs connected the Piccadilly …show more content…
Firstly, David Halliday investigated the scene and decided that the point of origin was on third of the way up the escalator. He was able to determine this as the steps below this point were less charred and the fire spread upwards. He then decided to examine the area underneath the escalator where he only found that the only combustible materials underneath the escalator were a thick layer of grease that had formed naturally from the constant use of the escalators over a long period of time. “The grease had impregnated dust and dirt in it making it easier to become …show more content…
3. Details of the mechanism known as the “trench effect” (500) The two methods that are combined to form the trench effect is based on two well-understood but separate ideas: the Coandă effect from fluid dynamics and the flashover concept from fire dynamics. “The Coandă effect is the phenomena in which a jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and remains attached even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction.” The flash over concept is in a compartment fire there may come a stage where the total thermal radiation from the fire plume, hot gases, and hot compartment boundaries (ceilings and walls) causes the radiative ignition of all exposed combustible surfaces within the compartment. Where the compartment is adequately ventilated in the case of the king’s cross fire it would be the wind from the tubes pushing the air up the escalator, this sudden and sustained transition of a growing fire to a fully developed fire is known as a flashover. Why them together creates the trench effect? These two forces combined created what is called the trench effect due to the way in which the flames go sideways instead of straight up like a general
Although it was reported the fire of the electrical cables under the pavement in Kingsway had been caused by an electrical fault, with no sign of arson, some believe it was started to create a diversion. As a result of the fire, several thousand people were evacuated from nearby offices, and there was a substantial disruption to telecoms infrastructure. It was reported that the burglars entered the
This alone would have help suppress and extinguish the fire before it got out of control. The only other suppression and detection systems to stop the fire either failed or were not present. There were only seven exits, four elevators with only one of them fully functional, two stairways down to the street but one the doors were locked, and one fire escape which was too narrow for a safe exit. The only elevator that was fully functional failed just after a few trips up and down. The one door to the stairway that was not locked was already engulfed in flames. Some of the workers were able to get to the roof but others who were trapped to extreme measure to get out of the fire. As the firefighters arrived, they watched as workers jumped form the eighth floor crashing on the concrete below. They attempted to put out a safety net but it quickly ripped under the weight and force of the falling workers. It only took 18 minutes for the fire to take all 145 workers. This incident caused an outbreak and forced safety measures to be enforced.
The fire first started on the eighth floor and climbed up the building. Ninth floor workers were trapped because they were not alerted about the fire and had little time to escape. They tried to use the elevator as many times as they possibly could, but the elevators stopped operating. Clotilde Terranova had no idea that she could have survived the fire. They say she ran from window to window, and before anyone could stop her, she jumped out. She saw the fire blazing up from the ninth floor and was so frightened and acted in the
The fire, he said, started when sparks from the cutting of metal on a van inside the business ignited fuel on the floor. The van was located in the bay closest the residence, which is attached.
One man saw the fire and tried to get someone to use the fire box to get the fire department to send a fire truck. Sadly he had no such luck in notifying them. Fire boxes were boxes located on the street corner for people to use to alert the closest fire department, because telephones were not commonly available at that time. The other man just insisted that a fire truck had probably already been called and was on its way. The fire was so destructive because there were many mistakes and dangerous
To investigate this question to its fullest, it is important to look into sources that help shed light on what happened after the fire. An article from the New York Times titled MANY NOW TELL OF FIRE TRAPS, has many subheadings that go into depth about what was going on after the fire. The newspaper detailed that a civic committee was organized to collect factory workers testimonies
The Triangle Factory Fire took place in New York on Saturday, March 25, 1911. The fire was marked as the worst in history of the state of New York. Men, women, and children of all ages were there but unfortunately there were more women/girls than men/boys. There were many people to not find a way out of the building but some decided to jump out of the windows for a way of escaping the fire. Majority of those who escaped by the window lost their lives. The employers had no clue of this ever happening as well as the fire department who did not have enough man power or equipment for this massive degree. Although majority of the workers died, there were some who lived to share their stories.
Some of the explicit reasons that affected the people in the building were, The water bursts would go back hit the people and launch them into the fire, this is an explicit piece from the story because the people in the building didn’t know this and stayed in front of the windows thinking about jumping. The workers were not prepared in case of a fire were to have occurred in the building “Meanwhile, workers on the eighth-floor rang furiously for the two passenger elevators. Safety experts have always advised against using elevators in a fire.” showing that they were not prepared for a fire/ emergency
Throughout this unit of Fire History we have discussed and learned about many new topics. Our class created presentations about some of the biggest fires in the history of fire service. We learned about the importance of many fire regulations and securities, how they affected the outcome of previous accident, and how they have improved over time. Here are some of the topics.
The pyrotechnics that ignited the fire were designed to spray sparks 15 feet for 15 seconds. The two that were mounted at outward angles ignited foam that had
Three stories of a ten-floor building a the corner of Greens Street and Washington Place were burned yesterday, and while the fire was going on 141 young men and women at least 125 of them mere girls were burned to death or killed by jumping to the pavement below. The building was fireproof. The fire except the furniture and 141 of the 600 men and girls that were employed in its upper three stories. The victims were suffocated or burned to death within the building, but some who found their way to the windows and leaped met death as surely, but perhaps more quickly, on the pavements below.
The crew was not prepared for the fire when it suddenly arrived. A wave of fire, heat, and smoke over took them by surprise, Eight of the crew deployed their shelters on the road and the two civilians took shelter with one of the crew members. The squad boss was high above the road in the rock scree watching the fire. He ran down towards the road but couldn’t get there before the fire arrived, He turned around and ran back up the slope were the other four crew members and the crew boss was.
The sheer physical nature of fire is to consume all fuel that lay in its path. That is exactly what happened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911. The building itself was reported to be fire proof, but what about its contents? The amount of unused cotton and other fabric scraps that were piled up were ample amounts of fuel just waiting to be consumed by a spark. The business owners kept what little exits and escape routes the building had locked for fear of a thieving employee. The employees mostly took the elevators up and down the building, limiting their knowledge of possible escape routes. Given those three factors combined, it was only a matter of time before disaster would strike.
The wrong fire department was called, which means it took longer for them to get there and put the fire out. Thus, by the time they got there the fire was spreading uncontrollably. A steady wind from the southwest carried the flames
For years if not decades, firefighters have responded to a reported structure fire that turned out to be a fully involved single room. This fire scenario requires a core set of fire tactics and skills to control and extinguished the fire, but is it this simple? Perhaps twenty years it may have been, but new dangers are lurking in every scenario and may have detrimental outcomes for unsuspecting and unaware firefighters and victims. The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) agency along with the Underwriters Laboratory (UL) have been conducting research to understand fire behavior and fire dynamics. This research is providing firefighters with new information about how and why