Hypophosphatemia

Specific parts of the body such as the kidneys work to regulate phosphorus and eliminate any extra consumed such as the form of phosphoric acid in soda (5). Therefore the kidneys cannot handle when too much phosphoric acid is consumed resulting in poor kidney function. Though, if the kidneys regulate the levels or amount of phosphoric acid and they start to have poor function, how do the levels of phosphorus get regulated? This commonly results in unusually high levels of phosphorus in blood which ends up lowering calcium levels which increases the risk of bone disease (6). Soda contains high amounts of phosphoric acid, and the higher the intake of phosphoric acid causes the need for an even higher intake of calcium. The balance between the two elements is a necessity for prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and for proper bone density (7). Overtime the phosphoric acid weakens the body and leaches calcium from the bones (7). Excessive amounts of phosphoric acid leads to the loss of bone mineral density. There are many factors that might cause one’s likelihood to develop osteoporosis to increase such as whites and asian being more prone, older people more prone than younger, females more than males, or history of bone diseases, but lifestyle choice is a factor that can be

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones that affects bones making them low in bone mass fragile and will lead to bone fracture. Bone fracture will easily occur as this disease cause the matrix inside the bone become weak and brittle.Bones can become so brittle due to activities such as coughing can cause fractures.According to Macgill (2015) the origin of the word osteoporosis explain the condition of ‘osteo’ is for bone and ‘porosis’ means porous that resulting in weakness. At this condition, the bone tissue is mineralized normally, but the production is not enough to preserve the normal skeletal architecture. 80% of women and 20% men of 28 million American are affected with the osteoporosis. Approximately, women with the age of 50 will develop osteoporosis. Thin bones are the cause of 1.5 million fractures a year. As in Malaysia, the statistic shows that osteoporosis related to fractured is the common health problem especially in elderly..

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

“This process generally becomes noticeable in early childhood, starting with the neck and shoulders and proceeding down the body and into the limbs.” (Genetic Home Reference, 1). One indicator of the presence of the disease is the malformation of a newborn’s hallux, the hallux of a newborn will have an abnormal angulation facing the median of its foot. “Other skeletal malformations of the cervical spine and ribs and the abnormal development of bone at multiple soft tissue sites may lead episodically to stiffness in affected areas, limited movement, and eventual ankylosis of affected joints (neck, shoulders, elbows, hips knees, wrists, ankles, jaw, often in that order).” (NORD,1). FOP is a very rare genetic disorder, “It was first identified in the 17th century. Of an estimated 3000 affected individuals worldwide, there are approximately 800 known patients. This disorder affects both genders and all ethnicities.” (NORD,1). Since the disease is a genetic one, it is not spread through a contagious pathway. It results from an autosomal dominant pattern. Mutations in the ACVR1 gene cause fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. The ACVR1 gene provides instructions for producing a member of a protein family called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors.” (Genetic Home Reference, 1). Experts, who have done extensive research believe that the

Osteopetrosis is a rare, genetic disease that causes extremely dense and brittle bones. This is because individuals affected with osteopetrosis do not have normal osteoclasts, which bones need to work correctly. Healthy bones require properly functioning osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for making new bones and osteoclasts are bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption, which is the breaking down of bones and providing space for new bone marrow to grow. An individual with osteopetrosis has osteoclasts that do not function properly, therefore their bones are not healthy (Stocks, Wang, Thompson, Stocks, & Horwitz, 1998).

Rickets is a disease that deals with a deficiency with Vitamin D. Vitamin D is important by controlling calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, the body may produce hormones that cause calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones eventually this leads to weak and soft bones. (2) Throughout this paper we will go over a variety of characteristics involving the disease of Rickets, these includes things such as: causes of disease, risk factors, significance statistics of Rickets, diagnosis, treatment, disease changes and comorbidity/comortality.

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is the most reasonable explanation of adverse changes in athletes during the marathon events. Physiologically, EAH is defined as plasma- sodium concentration that is below 135mmol/L. According to the decreasing plasma sodium level and individual, there are diverse symptoms such as nausea, headache, lethargy and restlessness. Although the sodium in sports drink could postpone the beginning of hyponatremia, drinking too much could cause hyponatremia (Rosner and Kirven, 2007). That is, hyponatraemia is influenced by both dilution of body sodium in body water overload and depletion of body sodium in body water losses. A decreased plasma sodium concentration lead to an osmotic gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid in brain cells, causing water transfer into cells and increasing intracellular volume (Rosner and Kirven, 2007). It triggers problem regarding tissue oedema, neurological and low blood sodium concentration.

What is osteoporosis exactly? Literally, osteoporosis means “porous bone”. Derived from oste/o, meaning bone, and –porosis, meaning the condition of being porous. It is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Clinically defined as a disorder characterized by compromised bone strength leading to an increased risk of fracture (Lane, 2006). Normal bone structure includes an extracellular matrix with mineralized and non-mineralized components, which gives the bones their mechanical properties, as well as collagen and mineralized osteoid cells. Calcium concentration is extremely important is determining the compressive strength of the bone (Bethel, 2015). The structure of bone in an individual with osteoporosis has lost mineralization and collagen due to a decrease in the production of these components as a result, the bones become porous and brittle. Bone is living tissue, constantly being broken down and reformed through out life. Derived from

Renal osteodystrophy or chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is a bone pathology, characterized by bone mineralization deficiency, that is a direct result of the electrolyte and endocrine derangements which accompany chronic kidney disease. Renal osteodystrophy is thought to be the result of hyperparathyroidism secondary to hyperphosphatemia combined with hypocalcaemia, both of which are due to decreased excretion of phosphate by the damaged kidney. Low activated vitamin D3 levels are a result of the damaged kidneys' inability to convert vitamin D3 into its active form, calcitriol, and result in further hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia.14

Sen et al. (2000), showed that osteocalcin is a specific and reliable marker which increases with rapid bone turnover and gives data about bone metabolism. The pubertal growth spurt is also known as a good example of rapid bone turnover. The osteocalcin levels and alkaline phosphatase levels were compared during the pubertal growth spurt. Serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels were evaluated in 100 healthy male children and adolescents (aged 10 to 17 years). During the pubertal growth spurt, there is a relationship between bone remodeling and increasing osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels make a peak, associated with the rapid growth in height. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase

There are numerous factors that contribute to the development of this horrible disease, but the most important factor is vitamin D deficiency. When the minerals in osteoid crystallize, they require adequate concentration of calcium and phosphate. When the concentration is not at the correct level, ossification does not proceed normally (Huether & McCance, 2008). Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine. When there is a lack of vitamin D, the concentration of calcium begins to fall (Huether & McCance, 2008). The body begins to regulate this calcium drop by increases the amount of PTH synthesis and secretion (Huether & McCance, 2008). An increase of PTH causes a clearance of phosphate and without the correct levels of phosphate mineralization of the bones cannot proceed in the correct manor (Huether & McCance, 2008). The abnormality of bone growth can occur in spongy and compact bone (Mayo

Shock is a life threatening medical condition where there is very low amount of blood flow through the human body. There are many different types of shocks:

Each year in the United States eight to forty children are born with malignant infantile osteopetrosis and one in every two hundred thousand people are affected by the adult form of osteopetrosis. Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic skeletal disorder in which there is an abnormal osteoclastic bone resorption resulting in patients who are more prone to fractures. This disorder “may be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait and is marked by increased bone density, brittle bones, and, in some cases skeletal abnormalities” (NORD 2014). There are three major types of this condition. They are adult type autosomal dominant, malignant infantile type autosomal recessive, and the last is intermediate mild autosomal recessive.

Have you ever heard of the genetic disorder called phenylketonuria? Phenylketonuria (PKU) if not treated, makes your pee stink (mayoclinc.org). A scientist found that there was a bunch of simpletons caused by parents’ gens. He is a respected Indian scientist in Norway (pkunews.org). PKU is found and diagnosed by a doctor getting blood from the baby and put I'm ting it threw a test.

Calcium is a vital nutrient in living complex organisms, humans and animals alike. It is utilized for stabilizing blood pressure, and is a major mineral in the bone. It is also critical for blood clotting and nerve and muscle functions. Without it, weakened bones and muscle dysfunction follow in effect. This deficiency is not uncommon, and is easily obtained with unbalanced diets especially in captive exotic animals. Metabolic Bone Disease is a syndrome that many animals accrue when they are not meeting their calcium requirements in their average dietary intake.