Hyponatremia Research Paper

The loss of sodium ions can lead to dehydration because sodium makes up 90% of the extracellular fluid and when your sodium levels are low your fluid becomes imbalanced and causes dehydration. (VanMeter, Hubert p 21,23)

Impaired cognitive function can cause harmful and cumulative long-term effects on intellectual function, particularly in young children. The most common risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. The other factors include, antecedent hypoglycemia, alcohol, increased glucose utilization, decreased glucose production, female sex, sleep, duration of diabetes, age and progressive insulin deficiency were also associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Multiple risk factors are associated with precipitation of hypoglycemia in the general population. When it comes to elderly patients with diabetes, the problem of hypoglycemia is a major concern. Hypoglycemia is an expected side effect of sulfonylurea. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a major cause of severe hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Hypoglycemia awareness in patients can bring better results in managing hypoglycemic events. Symptoms of hypoglycemia become progressively less intense over the time or diminish.

In patients with renal failure the two most common electrolyte abnormalities are hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. Hyperkalemia results due to decreased renal excretion resulting from renal failure. Both of these abnormalities are initially treated with IV calcium gluconate if the patients are symptomatic. The calcium is given to antagonize the effects of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. The calcium acts to protect the heart muscle temporarily until other treatments can be administered. It is imperative to monitor the patient closely with and ECG when IV calcium is administered due to calcium induced

Drinking a large amount of water in a short period of time can be dangerous; it can cause a level of salt, or sodium in your blood to drop too low. This is called “Hyponatremia,” This is a very serious condition that can be fatal. Some symptoms of Hyponatremia are nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, and loss of energy and fatigue. For serious symptomatic hyponatremia, the first line of treatment is prompt intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. Untreated overhydration can lead to dangerously low levels of sodium in your blood. This can cause more severe symptoms, such as muscle weakness, cramps, seizures and coma. You would have to drink an enormous amount of water for this condition to happen. But

Cardiac and neuromuscular tissues decrease in excitability causing skeletal muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias and smooth muscle atony. Respiratory skeletal muscles weaken causing shallow respirations. Weakness and pain of lower extremities triggered by muscle cramps due to decreased potassium. Flaccid muscles along with hyporeflexia of the deep tendon reflex has been noted. Decreased potassium in the brain alters mental status, contributing to irritability or anxiety. Prolonged hypokalemia can result in confusion or coma. Without potassium, repolarization of action potentials is behind creating irregular heartbeats called dysrhythmias. Pulse rates are high but thread and weak requiring extremely light palpation as it is easily obstructed. ECG can show a change in potassium imbalance. Orthostatic hypertension occurs with hyperkalemia meaning diastolic and systolic arterial blood pressure decrease when a patient stands. Hypokalemia will cause increased sensitivity to cardiac glycosides. Due to complications of smooth muscle contractions patient will present with hypoactive bowel sounds due to decreased peristalsis. (Ignatavicius & Workman,

Also, significant medication interactions may occur due to Ketoconazole’s potent inhibitory effects on the cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2. The CYP3A4 substrates include most benzodiazepines aside from lorazepam; many calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and verapamil; 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, aside from pravastatin and fluvastatin; and pimozide, generally contraindicating their use. The CYP2C9 substrates include fluoxetine, glipizide, losartan, montelukast, phenytoin, and warfarin. The CYP1A2 substrates include mirtazapine, ropinirole, and theophylline. Sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil concentrations may also be increased. The CYP3A4 inducers such as aminoglutethimide, carbamazepine, and phenytoin may decrease ketoconazole levels, and as ketoconazole absorption depends on gastric acidity, histamine-2 recepter blockers and proton-pump inhibitors should be

Hypoglycemia os a condition in which it occurs when a person’s blood glucose level has dropped too low. If it is below 4mmol/L, it is consider This is a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose level (BGL) has dropped too low, below 4mmol/ L. It is important to treat a hypo quickly to stop the BGL from falling even lower and the person becoming seriously unwell. Hypoglycaemia can make it hard to concentrate and carry out everyday activities.

The mechanism of hypotonic imbalance is the decrease in serum sodium levels as a result of factors such as diuresis or profuse sweating (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 103). This results in less extracellular fluid concentration than salt solution (0.9 %), leading the swelling of cells.

The human body contains blood and fluid compounds and elements like chloride, phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium known as electrolytes that occur naturally to control important physiologic functions. When the body levels of electrolytes are low (hypo) or high (hyper) it results in electrolyte disorder. Depending on the affected electrolyte(s), when body electrolytes are hyper (high) or hypo(low) it leads to electrolyte disorder, which in turn disrupts blood ionized salts balance ( Buttaro, et al., 2017). For instance, disruption of chloride leads to either hyperchloremia or hypochloremia, calcium (hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia ), Potassium (hyperkalemia or hypokalemia), Magnesium disruption

In hypernatremia, the level of sodium in blood is too high. Hypernatremia involves dehydration, which can have many causes, including not drinking enough fluids, diarrhea, kidney dysfunction, and diuretics. Mainly, people are thirsty, and they may become confused or have muscle

Most common electrolyte abnormality is from low or high sodium level in the body. Kidneys maintain the volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid by continuously exchanging water and solutes across their cell membranes. This mechanism occurs with the help of hormone and by body’s feedback mechanism. Antidiuretic hormone produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland. Osmoreceptor of hypothelamas creates a feedback control system for ADH secretion. Normal osmolality of the body fluid range between 280mOsm/kg to 295mOsm/kg. According to Terpstra (2000), when the osmolality rises to 295 mOsm/kg, osmosis of water occurs which causes the cell to shrink. Osmoreceptor then triggers to secretion of ADH. On the other hand, low osmolality of extracellular fluid such as <280mOsm/kg, can causes cell to swell; swelling cuts the triggering rate of the osmoreceptor cells, therefore slows down the production of ADH. One of the mechanism of ADH is to rise permeability of renal tubules to increase water reabsorption. It occurs by a water channel protein calls aquaporin-2, which permits the tubular luinal membrane to rises water reabsorption by the kidneys. The key factors of SIADH are the result of increased retention of water by kidney because of excessive amount of ADH. Low serum sodium concentration such as hyponatremia and low concentrated serum osmolality such as

Thiazide diuretics: Chlorothiazide, chlortalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflurmethazyne, indamapide, methylchlotiazyde, metolazone, polythiazide. The most important side effect of thiazide is hypokalemia, also include metabolic alkalosis,hyponatremia, hypovolemia, hyperglicemia in diabetics, increasing of LDL, azotemia and

These drugs can cause such adverse effects as the vomiting, bradycardia, diarrhea, and increased intestinal, ocular, and bronchial secretions (Romich J A., 2005). Thus, highly precaution should be taken while managing those patients who are under the effect of these drugs. As a physiotherapist, many important points I consider when treating patient who present with such symptoms which could occur as a result of medication using. First, I need to identify the symptoms which occur as a result of using the medication. Second, find out the correlation of using this kind of medication and the rehabilitation or treatment interventions that I am looking to apply. Third, if the side effects are already existed, then high precaution should be taken to ensure the safety of the patient especially if the intervention has a correlation in symptoms aggravation. Forth, communication is needed between as physiotherapist and the physician to discuss the patient’s condition and create the best treatment plan that does not interfere the drug’s action, and does not harm the patient beside the used

Sodium is vital for the correct functions of muscles and nerves, and keeping blood pressure stable. Low blood sodium is known as hyponatremia and occurs when sodium and water are out of balance (there is either too much water or too little sodium). When sodium levels are low in the body, severe symptoms can arise. Symptoms can include weakness, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, irritability, confusing and muscle cramps (http://www.healthline.com/). Depending on the cause, treatment varies. Cutting back on fluid intake is the best for hyponatremia as the salt concentration in the cells are higher than what they are in the blood, thus meaning by osmosis, water begins flooding into

Dehydration is the “excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids” (Grosvenor &amp; Smolin, 2006, p. 282). When the body goes through dehydration there can be many symptoms. Some of these symptoms can include: feelings of nausea, light-headedness, and feeling dizzy. Dehydration can cause symptoms to show more rapidly than any other vitamin deficiency. With other vitamin deficiencies, days or weeks can pass before symptoms are felt by the body (Grosvenor &amp; Smolin, 2006). Symptoms can be seen when dehydrated after only an hour of activity on a hot day.