Comparison Of Isotonic Sodium And Water Balances Of The Body

Potassium works with sodium to regulate the body’s water balance. The kidneys help to control the blood pressure by controlling the amount of fluid stored in the body. Therefore, the more fluid then the higher the blood pressure is. The kidneys do this by filtering out the blood and extracting any extra fluid, which then is stored in the bladder as urine. This is done very delicately as both sodium and potassium pull the water across the wall of the cells from the bloodstream into a collecting channel that leads to the bladder. When eating to much salt, the amount of sodium in the bloodstream will be imbalanced compared to the amount of potassium and thus reducing the ability of the kidneys remove the extra fluid. Eating more fruit and vegetables, the potassium levels increase and can help restore the chemical imbalance. However, there is a possibility of too much potassium, also known as hyperkalemia, which can lead to other issues like renal failure.

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

3. What would happen to the amount of H+ secreted into the renal tubule if the activity of the Na+ /K+

5. In Isotonic, the concentration gradient is the same inside and outside the body whereas in hypotonic the concentration gradient inside the body is less than the one outside and in hypertonic, the concentration gradient inside the body is greater than the one outside. (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007).

Production of H+ will cause plasma pH to fall below 7.4. Normally, increases in H+ concentrations are buffered mostly by haemoglobin, however buffers can only resist small changes in pH. The HCO3- levels increase slightly, but are likely to still remain within normal levels of 22 to 26 mEq/L. This is because equilibrium changes in concentrations is slight compared to the large compensatory changes (1). Renal mechanisms can assist in excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-.

There are several other electrolytes that are affected by DKA. One electrolyte that is most affected by DKA is potassium. Potassium levels are usually high due to acidosis. Acidosis causes the potassium to shift from the cells into the extracellular fluids (Giddens, 2013). Acidosis causes hydrogen ions to diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid because there is an excess of hydrogen ions in the blood. When they diffuse they push the potassium ions out of the cell (Van Meter, 2013).

Hypernatremia is too much salt (sodium) in the blood. This happens when there is a shortage of water in the body. The balance of water and sodium in the body is vital to human function. When hypernatremia happens, the cells of the brain can become starved of water.

Tonicity is the osmolality of a solution or “the concentration of solutes” (Trakola, 2015, pg.337). Solutes can be either crystalloids, which are “salts that dissolve readily into true solutions”, or colloids that are “substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions” (Trakola, 2015, p.337). Because of a solutions tonicity, it can be hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink from osmosis because it has “a higher concentration of electrolytes compared with body cells” (McLafferty et al., 2014). Hypotonic is the complete opposite so it makes the cells swell because it has “a low concentration of electrolytes compared with body cells” (McLafferty et al., 2014). Isotonic is equal in electrolyte concentration to the body so it acts as a fluid replacement. Listed in table 1 are different major IV fluids and what type of tonicity they’re categorized

Hypotonic solutions are a diluted solution made up of mostly water with very little particles. They are used to treat patient with conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state that leads to intracellular dehydration. Once it enters into the body it works by the process of osmosis causing water to leave an area of low concentration to high concentration. The types of hypotonic solutions

Low potassium intake result in the high risk of development of hypertension because the sodium in the body is going to be more than what the body needs for its normal function. The effect potassium has on the peripheral vascular resistance is by directly having an impact on the arteriolar dilatation. During the period of low potassium in the body, there is a dysfunction in the body in relation to the sodium-potassium pump because of the imbalance of the electrolytes (Sica DA et al.

Acid–base imbalances that overcome the buffer system can be compensated in the short term by changing the rate of ventilation. This alters the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, shifting the above reaction according to Le Chatelier's principle, which in turn alters the pH. For instance, if the blood pH drops too low (acidemia), the body will compensate by increasing breathing thereby expelling CO2, and shifting the above reaction to the left such that fewer hydrogen ions are free; thus the pH will rise back to normal. For alkalemia, the opposite occurs.

In 2014, Robert Klabunde, a doctor and expert in cardiovascular physiology concepts gave expert clarification on the topic when he explains that fluid in the body is known primarily as the blood that is transferred from the heart to all the vessels that carry the blood. The physical factors, called hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, direct the movement of the fluids within the space between cells and blood vessels, which is known as the interstitial space. (Klabunde, 2014). Hydrostatic pressure is a pressure that is exerts a force at equilibrium because of gravity. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure needed to apply to prevent movement of water across a membrane. These pressures allows the fluid to remain balanced within the interstitial compartment (Klabunde, 2014). If these pressure are altered, then fluid will increase in the interstitial compartment; ultimately causing swelling to occur in the

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is liquid found inside the cell (separated into compartments by membranes) and extracellular fluid (ECF) is all of the body fluid outside of the cell. ECF contains interstitial fluid (found in the lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, glomerular filtrate of the kidneys) and plasma (found in the circulatory system). “Sodium accounts for 90% of the ECF cations (positively charged ions) and regulates osmotic forces, therefore, regulates water balance”(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 108). Regulation of sodium balance is facilitated by aldosterone, which is triggered by the renin-angiotensin mechanism. “Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte found in most body fluids and is maintained by renal excretion of K+ absorbed from

For a solution to be Isotonic cells are placed in water, so they neither gain or lose water through osmosis because the concentration of solutes in the cell are equal to the solutes outside of the selectively permeable membrane. (Jarod Saucedo, 2012). Although isotonic solutions neither gain or lose water Hypertonic Solutions on the other hand loses water by osmosis and shrink, this is when osmosis uses diffusion. The reason cells lose water is because water travels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration causing them to become dehydrated and die (shrink). Finally, Hypotonic solutions are the complete opposite of the other solutions because now instead of cells losing water they gain water causing them to be bloated and burst.

(Marieb 2013) Osmosis, is a special kind of diffusion, is defined as the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a higher concentration to that of a lower concentration. The concentration of water is inversely related to the concentration of solutes. If the water can diffuse across the membrane, both water and solutes will move down their concentration gradients through the membrane. (Marieb 2012) There are three terms used to describe the concentrations of solute particles of different solutions: Hypotonic- When compared to another solution of different concentration, the solution contains the lower concentration of solute particles. Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic- When compared to another solution of different concentration, the solution that contains the higher concentration of solute particles. Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution. Isotonic-Having the same concentration of solute particles as another solution. There is no net flow of water across the membrane. In animal cells, the movement of water is affected by the relative solute concentration of the plasma membrane. As water moves out of the cell, the cell shrink and if water moves into the cell, the cell swells and may even burst.