Hyperglycaemia Research Paper

The blood glucose level has very limited range for humans to survive and stay healthy. Generally, people are able to remove excess glucose rapidly from the body but this is not the case when they are diagnosed with diabetes and insulin resistant situations. The lack of insulin resistance can also lead to a decrease in glycogen synthesis and storage as it usually converts glucose to energy for cell’s use (Jensen & et al. 2011). When insulin is produced under insulin resistance, the cells are incapable of using them effectively which then leads to high blood sugar level as ketones and ketoacids are produced as an alternative energy source for the body. The rise of ketoacid causes the blood pH acidic and the patient may also be diagnosed with ketoacidosis (Newton & Raskin 2004). There would also be less intake of lipid and more of stored triglycerides as the lipids are effected by the insulin. As the glucose levels increase, the muscle glucose uptake will decrease while the liver glucose production and blood fatty acid concentration will also increase within the body (Lichtenstein & Schwab 2000). Excess glucose within the blood are converted to fat which can lead to Diabetic Dyslipidaemia and furthermore to obesity, hypertension and

The hypothalamus will send a signal to the pancreas to release glucagon, the hormone responsible for increasing glucose, to the blood. After glucagon enters the blood it will go to the target cell to bind to the receptor. After it reaches the receptor, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, which will then secrete glucose to the blood thus increasing the blood glucose levels. This is an example of positive feedback. Once the receptors in blood detect that the glucose in the blood is increasing, the target cells will then send a signal to the to stop the stimulation of glucagon. This is called negative

Watching what you eat is an important part of managing your diabetes. A proper diet can greatly reduce your risk of complications. There are a number of foods that you will need to avoid if you have diabetes. Below is a list of some of the foods to avoid:

This means when blood glucose levels rise above the optimum level, the organ’s cells can’t absorb the glucose into the cells, and the liver can’t convert it into glycogen to store, like it usually would if insulin were present. (5) Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn’t recognize the insulin and therefore cannot spread the glucose out of the blood to the rest of the body’s organs. As a result of the high levels of glucose, the pancreas (The Detector) detects this and as a result produces more insulin to help it spread through the body and lower the blood glucose levels. This keeps happening and is an example of a negative feedback system until the it eventually shuts down and no longer is produced. Both types of diabetes cause a disruption in the homeostatic process

There are a few different theories of why hyperglycemia cause tissue damage. One cause is caused by the increase in microvascular pressures from the hemodynamic changes. It also changes RBC to become less deformable making it harder to release oxygen, and more adhesive. The RBC will stick to each other and to the capillary walls. Similar to RBC's, platelets become more adhesive,making capillary walls thicker. The decrease in lumen size causes the increase in microvascular pressure. Hyperglycemia also causes glucose to bind to protein forming glycosylate proteins , causing tissue damage.

[When one has Diabetes their blood sugar levels are too high. When we eat foods that contain carbohydrates our body turns the food into glucose, sugar. The cells in our body absorb the glucose and send them into the blood stream. When the blood gets to the pancreas, beta cells recognize the glucose and release insulin into the blood stream. The insulin and glucose then exit the blood stream and go into tissues to enter the cells. The cells have receptors that insulin bind onto. The insulin opens up the cells to let the

The glucose builds up into the bloodstream instead of moving into your cells. The pancreas will try to keep up with the body and make extra insulin to keep your blood glucose levels normal. Overtime your pancreas will not be able to keep up and make enough insulin for your body. This is called being insulin resistant. Diabetes is caused by a problem in the way your body makes or uses insulin. Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into the cells it can cause two problems. Cells are in need for energy and high blood glucose levels occur affecting many major organs, including your heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidney. Practicing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent health complications. Moderate physical activity and incorporating a healthier diet can stop an individual from getting type 2 diabetes.

There are several important cells and organs in the body that require a constant supply of glucose to properly function, these include red blood cells and immune cells. The purpose of blood glucose regulation is to keep the body in homeostasis because abnormal levels of glucose can manifest in pathological conditions such as seizures, hypoglycaemic coma, diabetic ketoacidosos (DKA) and possibly even death.

As the glucose increases in the bloodstream, damage occurs to various parts of the body, including the:

Without beta cells obviously the body cannot produce insulin in response to high blood glucose, causing type 1 diabetics to have abnormally high blood sugar

A condition such as type 1 diabetes comes with many complications if it’s not treated right. The reason the glucose is maintained at a healthy level is because there are some serious symptoms if the glucose levels are too high or too low. When a glucose level is too high, which is called hyperglycemia; a type 1 diabetic would experience symptoms such as high level of sugar in the

Hyperglycaemia is when blood sugar levels increase to above the normal. If blood glucose levels remain high for a long time it damages proteins by binding directly to them and building up. This in turn leads to poor peripheral circulation which leads to serious damage to tissues, and

The purpose of blood glucose regulation is to maintain the levels of blood sugar in the body at homeostasis. As humans, our bodies rely on our blood glucose levels to be maintained within a very small range (approximately between 5mM and 10mM). It is important for blood glucose levels to remain stable and within these approximate boundaries because the brain and body struggle to function properly outside of this range. Insulin and Glucagon are both pancreatic endocrine hormones secreted from the pancreas in order to maintain homeostasis in blood glucose regulation. It is the production of these hormones that is necessary in humans in order to prevent diseases such as diabetes or hypoglycemia from developing.

Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome has an enormous impact the United States economically. Heart disease, diabetes, and obesity are all the result of metabolic syndrome and each requires a tremendous amount of health care. Hormone imbalances can be part of the cause which require medication and hormone supplements which are costly. Unhealthy bodies break down faster and which means they require treatment longer.

Glucose is transported into the pancreatic β-cell by type 2 glucose transporters (GLUT2). Once inside, the first step in glucose metabolism is the phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate. This step is catalyzed by glucokinase; and its further metabolism in mitochondria alters the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/ adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio that leads to closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. It results in membrane depolarisation and opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The subsequent increase in cytosolic free calcium ion (Ca2+) cause phosphorylation of protein kinase which induce insulin secretion via exocytosis [(Ashcroft et al., 1994; Lang, 1999 and Henquin, 2000) as shown in fig.