Human Papilloma Virus And The Prevalence Of Cervical Cancer

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus. There are many genotypes HPV and some of them are oncogenic. They have envelope proteins E6 and E7 on their cell wall which are associated to initiate cancer. Anogenital lesions associated to HPV are divided into ‘low-risk’ types (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, and 43) and ‘high risk’ types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 73, and 82). Most of the low risk HPV infections are asymptomatic and are not fatal, however infection to high risk HPV such as type 16 and 18 may cause cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar and penile cancer (Centre of Disease Control, 2012). Low risk HPV generally cause warts on the skin surface which rarely develop into malignancy. Type 16 and 18 both were originally isolated from cervical carcinomas of human body. More than 70% of human cervical is due to the infection of either HPV 16 or 18. According to CDC, in 2008 it was estimated 11,070 cases of cervical cancer in United States and about 3,870 deaths due to cervical cancer. Higher percentage of HPV persistent infection occurs by HPV-16 and the risk of getting cervical cancer due the progression of disease is higher for HPV 16 and 18 and 45 (Tino F. Schwarz, 2008).

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

According to the Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health (2011), cervical cancer becomes the tenth commonest cancer in Hong Kong in 2008. Cervical cancer usually arises from sexual activity and human papillomavirus (HPV) (Bellentir, 2002). In this essay, Human papillomavirus would be further discussed. For example, the signal transport pathway of HPV 16 and HPV 18, which many scientists believe that they are closely related of causing cervical cancer, as well as the HPV vaccine and chemotherapy of cervical cancer, would be discussed.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) accounts for the third most prevalent cancer in females worldwide,15 as it is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).2 There are more than 100 subtypes of HPV; 16 of those subtypes are known to be high-risk.15 HPV is a crucial precursor to cervical cancer in 99.8% of those affected,2 with subtypes 16 and 18 being the most common types.15

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections in the United States. There are nearly 1 out of 4 women who have been diagnosed with HPV (CDC, 2015). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that at least 80% of women acquire a genital HPV infection by the age of 50 (CDC, 2015). HPV is an important topic that needs to be discussed because it has been estimated that 6.2 million cases of HPV has been reported (CDC, 2015). HPV is one third of all new sexual transmitted infections (CDC, 2015).

Among the 12, 200 new cases of cervical cancer ninety-percent of them are caused or attributed to HPV (ACS).

In the United States, cervical cancer is known as one of the most common cancers amongst females and it is estimated that 1/3 of the females diagnosed will die (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV 16 is the most common detected virus in cervical cancer patients, but there are 14 HPV types that are considered high-risk (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV is related to cervical cancer as the virus changes the cells of the cervix and causes cervical dysplasia, which untreated, leads to cancer (Dizon & Krychman, 2010). Examining the problem from a global perspective, Biological Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) study group, concluded that “HPV DNA was detected in 93% of the tumors and … HPV 16 was present in 50% of the specimens…” (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). This group collected samples of 1000 patients whom were diagnosed with stage 3 cervical cancer from 32 hospitals in 22 countries (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). As, represented earlier with current statistics, it’s evident that more people are diagnosed each year with cervical cancer that have HPV present

Evidently, in the 1990s the relationship between HPV and cervical neoplasia was confirmed.54 According to Bosch et al., the 1990s produced the key results of case-control and cohort studies, and witnessed an increasing number of results on the clinical uses of HPV-DNA testing in screening and triage,55 and, as Liaw et al. (1995) noted in their case control studies, it was also becoming apparent that those with multiple HPV infections have a higher risk of developing cancer of the cervix.53

As previously mentioned, HPV is a virus which is passed through skin to skin sexual intercourse or other forms of skin to skin contact of the genitals. The virus enters the body through small breaks in the skin surface or in the mucous membranes lining of the genitals. The strains of HPV that causes a person to develop warts, are in a different group of strains that causes cancer. There are more than 100 known strains of human papillomavirus that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans. HPV lives in the body’s epithelial cells; which are flat and thin cells found on the skin’s surface and also on the surface of the vagina, anus, vulva, cervix, penis head, mouth, and throat. In most cases a person’s body can fight the virus within weeks,

Human papillomavirus, commonly abbreviated as HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted virus that can cause a variety of diseases. It is transferred from person to person by either genital contact or from oral contact. Most men and women who are sexually active will be infected with this virus at least once in their life (“HPV”). A reason why HPV has become such a big problem in society is because of the fact that it is a virus, and thus cannot be treated with antibiotics. For other viral infections, it is possible to wait for the body’s immune system to rid the body of the foreign invader, but HPV is a virus that can cause more serious health problems such as genital warts, cancers of the mouth, anus, or vagina, as well as the cervix. Another reason why this problem exists in society may be due to more relaxed standards regarding sexual activity. In today’s society, people are more likely to have more than one sexual partner, making it easier for the virus to spread within the population. People are also becoming sexually active at younger ages before they receive education about safe sex at school or at home, which is also a factor in the spread of HPV in the population. Most people do not exhibit negative symptoms from the virus; indeed, some of them may not even know they have contracted it, for the body can clear out the virus on its own ninety percent of the time (“What is HPV?” 2013). HPV

The human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, is considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer condition. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for the vast majority of cervical cancers. Therefore, HPV infection is more likely to be in women who start having sex at an early age and have multiple sexual partners or a partner who has had many sexual partners. This is because their behaviour is more likely to be exposed to HPV. However, a woman with only one partner can get HPV if partner has already been in contact with the virus (Public Health England, 2013).

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an extremely commonly detected DNA virus widely known as the most cause of HNSCC, in most cases, the virus doesn’t cause any health problems and it goes away on its own, however, HPV can sometimes cause health problems such as cancer and warts. Furthermore, the world health organisation (WHO) reported that HPV accounts approximately 600,000 cases of oropharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, cervix cancer as well as genital wart worldwide.

The most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S is Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is often asymptomatic and benign. However, it can lead to serious complications. It can cause genital warts, bumps in the genital area that can vary in size and are often painful and itchy. Furthermore, HPV can cause several cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal, or cancers of the genitals (vulva, vagina, or penis). These cancers often don’t appear for years after contraction of the virus. HPV is spread through sexual/skin to skin contact (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person, regardless if the person is symptomatic. Both females and males can carry the disease. Most symptoms associated with HPV affect both men and women, such as genital

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a set of 150 connected viruses. This group of viruses is very large and thus each HPV virus is assigned a number that is called the corresponding HPV type. The names of such HPV types are called after warts it produces as a visible sign of the infection.1 One very easy way to spread HPV viruses is by means of sexual contact. In addition, more than 40 HPV types are involved in the sexual transmittance of the infections. There are two different categories for sexually transmitted HPV types: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk HPVs will not cause cancer but cause warts to grow on the skin or other openings on the body such as genitals and mouth. On the other hand, high-risk HPVs do lead to