4. Discussion
Herbal-based remedies are used in traditional medicine to treat and prevent many diseases including cancer. Triterpenoids have promising anticancer activities. Triterpenoids have been reported to display anticancer activities against a myriad type cancer, without any cytotoxic effect in normal cells [17-21]. They also demonstrate antitumor efficacy in animal models of cancer [18, 21]
The overall purpose of the study was to determine the therapeutic potential OAME, a tr¬iterpenoid derivative, against prostate cancer, particularly the hormone-insensitive cell line PC-3. Although a lot of efforts aiming to generate new chemotherapy or paradigms for cancer treatment, there is no cure for advanced prostate cancer. In
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Therefore, it appears that OAME is able to arrest cells progression and inhibit the proliferation of PC-3 cells in a p53-independent manner, provide the rationale use of OAME against prostate cancer.
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability of the cells to evade from apoptosis. Thus, induction of apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer cells could lead to cancer regression and enhanced prognosis. This study demonstrated that OAME is potent executive of apoptosis in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells (Fig.4 and Fig. 5). Induction of apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer cells was associated with activation of caspases (Fig. 5), caspases are crucial mediators of apoptosis.
Apoptosis is regulated by two major pathways; the membrane death receptor-mediated pathway and the mitochondria-mediated pathway [25]. Cancer cells characteristically display dysfunctional apoptotic-pathways that arise, in most cases, through a shortcoming in intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway sensitivity. Therefore, mitochondria are considered promising target in cancer therapy [26], makes good sense. The growth body evidence pointed out that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is mediated by the change of mitochondrial m, a key step in the process of the release of apoptotic mediators, such as cytochrome c from the mitochondria, thus resulting in apoptosis. In the present study, OAME induced loss of
Metastatic prostate cancer is treated with drugs antagonizinf androgen action, but most patients progress to a more aggressive form of the disease named castration-resistant prostate cancer, driven by elevated expression of the androgen receptor (AR).
It has broad variety of anti-tumor activity and forms the backbone of combination chemotherapy regimes presently
TREATMENT of localized prostate cancer usually includes prostatectomy and radiation therapy, occasionally augmented with hormonal therapies. However, Fu et al., (2012) have noted that recurrence of prostate cancer occurs in about 15% of patients within 5 years after prostatectomy and in about 40% patients within 10 years. Although, more than 70% of patients are expected to survive for more than 10 years after prostatectomy, radiation or hormone therapy, Cooperberg et al.,(2010) argued that localized prostate cancer patients with intermediate or high risk scores have higher mortality rate after these treatments. With chemotherapies as the existing treatment options for metastatic prostate cancers, patients are expected to have only a median survival of 12-15 months. Bono et al.,(2006). However, most of these traditional treatments are invasive and riddled with adverse side effects. Therefore, novel therapies are on high demand for the treatment of the malignant and recurrent forms of prostate cancer after these
TP53 is a 20kb long gene located on the small arm of chromosome 17 [18]. It is the first tumor suppressor gene to be identified and the most extensively studied [19, 20]. First described in 1979, this gene was first believed to be an oncogene, a cell growth promoter [19]. However, data form in-vivo studies performed years later provided convincing evidence supporting its tumor suppressive activity [18, 21].
Napabucasin also named (BBI608), is an orally available small molecule by the ability to inhibit gene transcription of STAT3 and cancer stemness properties and suppresses spherogenesis of or kills stemnesshigh cancer cells isolated from several kinds of cancer types [1]. Stat3 is critically important for maintaining cancer stemness.
Edward Said, literary critic, has described exile as something “strangely compelling to think about but terrible to experience,” and as something that can be “potent, even enriching.” In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne experiences an exile after being marked as an adulteress which intrigues the reader because of its ability to change her substantially throughout the novel. Hester’s exile is intriguing because she often is near other people, but she remains on the outskirts of the town, and of society. Through the years, this exile leads to Hester’s complete transformation proves her incredible strength, even when faced with such tragedy.
In vitro: Co-treatment with BEZ235 (10 μM) enhanced the tumor cell-killing effect of olaparib in BRCA1-negative breast cancer cells [4]. BEZ235 (25 - 800 nM) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HER2-postive gastric cancer cells and induced
I expect the 10% NaCl will, due to the high concentration gradients, decrease in concentration. While the 0% NaCl and 1% NaCl will increase in concentration. This is because the change in the solutes will change the distance of the function through the solution. Therefore, the more concentration the more distance in the function and the less concentration the less distance.
As part of the Ludwig Center, I have had the opportunity to develop my own project for improved combination therapy with the targeted therapy Olaparib. Although inhibition of poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) has demonstrated significant success in the treatment of
For years people have been looking for a cure for the devastating disease of cancer. Cancer is the third highest killer in the US with over 2,500,000 victims per year. Oncologists and scientists around the country are researching all forms of cancer in an effort to understand, treat, and ultimately defeat this disease. Already there have been numerous advances in the field, such as chemotherapy and gene therapy. One advance has been the use of a cell process known as apoptosis. By harnessing this normal cell process, scientists hope to have found an effective way to combat cancer.
Prejudice and hate were big factors in the town of Maycomb, Alabama. In the book “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Harper Lee, she tells the story of how a girl named Scout and a boy named Jem learn and conquer their way through the racist thinking and the hate of Maycomb. The father of Jem and Scout is named Atticus Finch. Atticus is very loving and cares about his children and their future. He is a very respected attorney.
After a number of oncology approvals in the 1970s based on ORR as a clinical benefit, FDA and ODAC, FDA’s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee, confirmed in the early 80s that improvement in OS, QoL, physical functioning or tumor related symptoms comprised the real clinical benefits in oncology and noted that ORR only correlates with, and predicts, these in specific indications.
Angiogenesis inhibitors fight cancer by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels instead of tumor cells and can be combined with other forms of therapies such as chemotherapy (National Cancer Institute, 2011). The tumor may not die, but it does not grow which allows the patient to receive long-term care using this approach. Higher levels of inhibitors prevent
Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer diagnosed in men around the world today. Despite years of research, little is known as to the exact cause of prostate cancer, making it an area of intense research in medicine today. The pathology of prostate cancer has yielded important information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods. It has been understood that diet has much to do with tumour growth, and new research into nutrition is revealing new strategies in prostate cancer prevention. Genetics also play an important factor and must be taken into consideration. A number of new treatments for prostate cancer have been successfully implemented. Since prostate cancer is most common in men 50 and older, it is for the
Some of the major diseases that herbs cure are depression, weak immune system, prostate problems, cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. They are used all over the world to treat untreatable conditions and diseases. Scientific research and study have also proven the efficacy of these herbal products. Around 177 drugs have been approved to treat cancer all over the world and more than 70% of them are herbs and natural products.