Halaf Pottery

What are the most important difference (art, science, religion) between people’s lives in large agricultural settlements such as çatal hüyük Jericho and Mesopotamia (manufactured trade) and Egypt (military)?

Ceramic making is still a popular tradition today in the Americas, especially on Native Indian Reservations, like in Western, North Carolina. The use of ceramics, however, is quite different than the way it was used by the natives during the Middle Woodland Period. Today, pottery is mainly made for decoration or art purposes by modern day Americans, but according to Wallis (2011), about 3,000 years ago the use of pottery became a very common use and practiced tradition among the native people who lived during that time period. The Swift Creek culture and the Cherokee Indians had very similar methods in formulating ceramics. The archaeological findings of these artifacts states that one group had been more advanced designs on their vessels. This reason is most likely because of the materials that one group was able to access in their area that the other group did not have available. One group was also more traditional and spiritual in making their vessels, which caused them to create more complex designs and methods while designing their ceramics (Block 2005). By looking at the similarities of both groups pottery styles, archaeologists were able to determine the minor but very distinctive differences, that one group processed in their art, than the other. By comparing each group’s ceramics by looking at

Göbekli Tepe is a very interesting archaeological site that is located at the top of the mountain limestone ridge in Southeastern Turkey near the Syrian border (Banning 620). It is known as the earliest monumental building, or temple, that mankind has ever created and it was built even before the stage of agriculture, which dates back to some 11,600 years ago (Mann 1st page). Göbekli Tepe belongs to the PPN (Pre-Pottery Neolithic) in terms of its chronological context in world prehistory (Banning 620). In fact, the site can be divided into three different stratigraphic levels that are level 3, level 2A, and level 2B (Banning 620). Level 3 is the oldest level which appears to date back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) (Banning 621). Each of the buildings measured 15 m by 10 m and contained T-shaped monoliths surrounded by a wall made of stone and mortar (Banning 621). Two U-stone shaped entrances could by identified in two of the buildings (Banning 621). However, the most monumental aspect of the Göbekli Tepe can be attributed to the sophisticated carvings of wild animals, such as scorpions and boars, on the pillars which appears in the pillars of level 3 and level 2A (Banning 621). Moreover, Level 2A, which dates to Middle PPNB, has smaller and more rectangular buildings than Level 3 and it contains delicately implemented tiled floors and T pillars without any decorations (Banning 621). Level 2B dates to the time between level 3 and level 2A, however,

However, the golden age of Japanese ceramics did not really begin until the sixteenth century when the tea master Sen no Rikyū popularized the tea ceremony. In his refinement of this art form, Rikyū found beauty in the earthly and natural forms of pottery and thus commissioned the production of “raku ware,” which today, is considered the pinnacle of Japanese pottery. Notable for its ruggedness and imperfections, raku ware made Rikyū into a central figure in the establishment of the wabi-sabi aesthetic. In the beginning, the textures and colors of wabi-sabi vessels were left to develop naturally. However, over time, several wabi-sabi artists began experimenting and even developed techniques to intentionally create these alterations. Obviously, the exact shape and form of an imperfection cannot be controlled but the intention can be realized in an oxymoronic “controlled natural look.”

In 1950, V Gordon Childe drew up a list of traits of to what he considered to be the common characteristics of early civilizations. According to Fagan & Scarre, a recent archaeologist Charles Redman divided Childe’s list into primary and secondary characteristics. The primary characteristics included cities and states, together with full-time specialization of labor, concentration of surplus, and a class-structured society. For the secondary, the characteristics included symptoms or by-products of these major economic and organizational changes: monumental public works, long-distance trade, standardized monumental artworks, writing, and the sciences (arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy)(Scarre and Fagan 2003). One of the most common characteristics involve was a large, dense population living in a city. This essay well state and describe two early cities in Mesopotamia and explore the layouts and characteristics of these two cities. Also, whether each city is unique or share common characteristics with each other. The two cities are Maskan-shapir and Ur.

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia present a valuable area of historical research. They are of great importance mostly because of their ethnic kinship (Watson, 2017). In such case, comparison and contrast essay is very promising as causal relationships can be formed based on a mutual starting point. This comparison-contrast essay focuses on differences and similarities in these societies’ economic, political and cultural life in order to make further implications regarding the circumstances the peoples of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia faced.

Egypt and Mesopotamia were two civilizations existing during the time period of 2000-1200 BCE. These civilizations were shaped by their environment, involved with trade, and faced changes in government after the 100 year drought; however, they differed in that Egypt was shaped by the Nile, traded goods for goods and changed their outlook on the pharaoh who was ruler of all; whereas, Mesopotamia was shaped by the Tigris and Euphrates, traded money for goods, and had a ruler over rulers. It is undeniable that the natural environment of ancient Mesopotamia had a profound effect on the earliest civilizations known to the world. Humankind’s ability

Copper-alloy basin with Christian and Islamic motifs, probably northern Iraq, mid-13th century AD. (1247-1249), brass inlaid with silver, H: 22.5 x 50.0 x 50.0 cm. Probably Damascus, Syria. The Freer Gallery of Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

The appearance of Beaker Bell pottery in Europe is one ceramic innovation which is still not fully understood today (Waddell 2010, 121) as their distribution is irregular stretching from Hungary to Ireland. Several Beaker Bell pottery types have been identified in Britain and Ireland; those of different sizes, ware type (ibid). Many of the pottery that has survived in Ireland are those which have been used for burial, although also used for drinking, storage and cooking (Gibson 2002, In: Waddell 2010, 121). Residue analysis showed the pottery was used for holding alcohol and drugs, but as the pots themselves would not hold liquids for long it was like a prehistoric drinking challenge (Guerra-Doce 2006, 248). Pottery sherds have been uncovered from a number of settlements in Ireland; Dublin, Limerick, Meath and Tyrone to name a few locations. It was only when wedge tombs were excavated in the 1930s that there was actual proof of Beaker Bell existence in Ireland and from that it was assumed the people were an important component of the Irish population at that time (Waddell 2010, 129) and they were also recognised as the people that introduced the understanding of metal working to Ireland. The “Beaker Folk” are all connected by their similar techniques and artefacts but their geographical location seems to be an influence in their day to day practices, for example the stark difference in Irish and British Beaker Bell funerary rituals (Waddell 2010, 130). It seems the one

Placing both houses in a historical context, the Mesopotamian ‘courtyard’ house dates more specifically to the time 10000BC to 600BC, whilst the

Beset by the difficulties of farming in Mesopotamia and frequent martial conflicts,internal harmony and careful stewardship of resources were essential to Mesopotamian nationsduring the Bronze Age (4000

Southwestern Indian pottery is probably the most famous, for its colorful designs and figures, distinctive forms like the double-spouted wedding vase, and unique techniques like the Pueblo “black on black” firing. The Southwest tribes are unquestionably the ones who have preserved their ceramics heritage the best—and, not coincidentally, the ones who still live nearest to their original homelands. Elsewhere in North America, Indians were forcibly transplanted to reservations where their traditional agriculture was not viable; less malignantly; some tribes, like the Sioux and Cheyenne, abandoned their farming practices and adopted a more nomadic lifestyle when they acquired horses from the Europeans and were able to pursue the buffalo

Associate Professor of Archaeology at the University of Evansville Dr. Jennie Ebeling is a specialist of artifacts pertaining to foods and drinks in the Levant. She began her discussion by talking about the varying methods individuals participated in to cook bread during prehistoric times. She elaborated on grindstone sets and how they viscerated flour to its grain form in order to use for cooking. Amazingly, 2,000 years later this method of cooking is still used to this day; although not necessary used for floor but rather for lentils and lentil soup.

Angel Pottery LLC (herein after referred to as Angel Pottery) is an organization that produces happiness and manufactures ceramics. It is physically located in western Massachusetts and consists of one potter’s wheel, a kiln, 25 lbs. bags of clay, pottery tools and accessories and is owned by its principle, David DeAngelis. The major channels of communication between the principle and Angel Pottery’s customers are two websites: AngelPottery.com and EastLongmeadowRealty.com. Angelpottery.com serves as a showcase for products and Eastlongmeadowrealty.com functions as a pricing mechanism defining what the market will bear. Angelpottery.com has been a channel of marketing for more than 11 years with a creation date of August 8,

Mr. Julian who owns and manages a small company called Bentley Customs Ceramics Julian over a last four year manufacturing different ceramics items wants to expand his business. Over a year, he had used electric kilns but having observed that was less cost effective, he is planning to use gas kilns.