The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825.
However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland).
The disorder has three major manifestations:
Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter
Ophthalmopathy
and Dermopathy
The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover, the three may run
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However, the evidence that Graves' disease is autoimmune in origin is quite convincing.
Hyperthyroidism and goiter are immunologically mediated. It results from the production of auto-antibodies directed against the TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone)- receptors on the thyroid follicular cells or closely related cell membrane domains.
Auto-antibodies are of two types:
TSI ( thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) or TSH- receptor antibodies ( TRAb) which mimic the action of TSH and thereby inducing the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.
TGI ( thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins) which initiates the growth of thyroid cells.
The question is what initiates these autoimmune reactions? The answer is not clear but genetic, immune and environmental considerations are important.
In genetically predisposed individuals, infection with viruses or bacteria may serve as a trigger. Certain strains of E. coli and Yersinia enterocolitica possess cell membrane TSH receptors. The production of antibodies to these pathogens might cross react with host TSH receptors on thyroid follicular cells to result in hyperthyroidism.
Emotional stress is often dismissed as etiologically important. However, more than once have we seen a temporal relationship between the onset of hyperthyroidism and a major life event such as the death of a
of Thyroxine to T3 in the tissues). After 2 months of treatment, her TSH levels increased by 371.15% and her Thyroxine levels
Week 3 – LOM Assignment The thyroid is responsible for taking iodine and converting it into thyroid hormones which are released into the blood stream and transported throughout the body where they control metabolism.1 The thyroid is a vital part of the human body as every cell in the body depends on it for metabolic regulation. Too much or too little thyroid hormone secretion can result in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is caused when the thyroid secretes too many thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism causes a rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure and tremors. Other symptoms include increased nervousness, inability to concentrate, weakness, restlessness, difficulty sleeping, frequent bowel movements, weight loss and irregular
According to one study found, this disease is seen more often in people between the ages of 45 to 65 years old.2 Another epidemiologic study also showed a female predominance of 10:1 to 20:1, and that the disease is more commonly seen in women rather than men.2, 5 During this study, 102 families were chosen to be observed and were made up of 540 individuals to determine if there is a significant genetic component to Hashimoto thyroiditis.5 While a high percentage of adults who had an autoimmune disorder such as trisomy 21 or Turner syndrome showed greater risk for having Hashimoto thyroiditis, a small group of about 20 percent had an indistinguishable clinical hypothyroidism much different from Hashimoto thyroiditis.5 Finally, an analyses of genome linkage in families with Hashimoto thyroiditis showed evidence that some loci, like chromosomes 6p and 12q, could be harboring genes that are already linked to this
Graves ' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. The gland is located at the front of the neck above where the collarbones meet. This gland releases the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control body metabolism. Controlling metabolism is important for regulating mood, weight, and mental and physical energy levels. When the body makes too much thyroid hormone, the condition is called hyperthyroidism. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and is most common in women over age 20. But the disorder can occur at any age and can affect men as well. Some of the symptoms of Graves diseases are
Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common disease caused by hypothyroidism. The immune system cells attack the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and eventually destruction of the gland. This reduces the thyroids ability to make hormones. These hormones are known as thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) (Better health channel 2015).
The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825.
A goiter, nodules, or growths may be found during a physical exam, and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism.
A penny for the dead? The definition of ritual, as defined by Webster’s Dictionary, “done as a part of a ceremony or ritual; always done in a particular situation and in the same way each time.” The relevance of rituals have played part in history including rituals with the dead, Indian ceremony rituals, and religious rituals. In the 21st century America, the roles of rituals have lessened and have become less of a common practice than of olden times. In The Lottery, the ritual of stoning the poor sap that “won” the Lottery is one that had been passed on from generation to generation. I believe that every culture has their own rituals that they believe play a significant role in their communities.
Experts aren’t sure the exact cause of Graves’ disease because it is an autoimmune disease. There are certain risk factors associated with Graves’ disease which include genetics, gender, age, pregnancy, mental stress, and smoking. People who have family history of this disease are more likely to develop it. Also females are more likely than males to acquire Graves’ disease and onset of the disease usually occurs after the age of 20. Anatomy affected by this disease is the thyroid gland which is part of the endocrine system. It is located at the back of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. This disease doesn’t destroy the thyroid gland, instead an antibody called thyrotropin receptor antibody makes the thyroid produce large amounts of hormone. The thyroid produces two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones affect many body systems and play a key role in regulating the body’s metabolic rate. Excessive secretion of these hormones is what causes the signs and symptoms that have already been described.
The main cause of hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease which affects quite a few people in the general population. This disease is characterized as an autoimmune disorder. This means that the body makes antibodies known as thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin that bind and over activate the production of thyroid hormones [3]. So in essence the antibody mimics the thyroid stimulating hormone and when the negative feedback loop is in affect the antibody still binds to the thyroid and T3 and T4 are over produced [2].
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, also called Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. It was named for the Japanese surgeon who discovered it in 1912 The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. The thyroid makes hormones called T3 and T4. These hormones regulate metabolism. The thyroid is controlled by hormones of the pituitary gland, which is also called the “master gland.” It is a pea-sized gland located in the base of the brain which, among others, makes thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH. TSH stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormone. With Hashimoto’s disease, the thyroid cells are damaged resulting in the inability to make enough thyroid
The American culture is encouraging consumer with semaphore from the trend that people with social class. …., such as iphone, cars, and handbag could it be identify a person social statu. For example, If a person wears a Hermes bag that person are screams out wealthy in the by society. Because the Hermes bag is the top of the line luxury handbag that show wealthy in the society. On the other hand, people tell about a person a regularly bag that cost $10 dollar. That's a fact, because the avagest of an Hermes Birkin bag cost the range of $17,000- $45,000, which can be someone one year salary. Does people fill themselves socializing within the same group? “ the rich getting richer, and the pool getting poorer?” This is something that we all
b.i. Synthetic thyroxine is a type of medication that is the same at the hormone T4.
Both hypo and hyperthyroidism are a result of a disease in caused by malfunction of the thyroid gland located in the neck as represented by the image below left. The causes of chronic hypothyroidism are fairly distinct. Around the world in third-world and developing countries, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. This used to be true as well for developed countries, but today this is a less common cause as iodine usually finds its way into our diets without too much trouble. In modern-day developed countries, hypothyroidism is mainly a result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a birth defect which lacks a thyroid gland or a deficiency of hormones from either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland.
Social stratification is the grouping of people according to their socioeconomic based on occupation, income, wealth as well as social status. Typically, social stratification is manifested into three social classes, which include; upper class, middle class as well as lower class. Egypt is highly stratified since the phenomenon is widely spread aiming to expose the components of life, which composes these social classes hence exploring the relationship between these classes. Therefore, this essay evaluates how social stratification in Egypt is more open to the people given that there is unequal distribution of resources in Egypt.