Fuecal Contamination Of Water

The authors of this article go into depth on the toxicity of and pollution of the e.coli. The purpose of their experiment was to determine if cattle contributed to these elevated levels in Toogoodoo Creek, South Carolina. Toogoodoo is a creek located in Charleston county where fish are harvested (mainly shellfish) and has been affected by pathogens such as e.coli. They collected surface water samples at various times, mostly after a rain event and then collected samples regardless of weather. In addition, they also collected fresh fecal samples from 14 cattle and 2 horses that resided in a nearby pasture.

In comparison to the States Standards in table 10, Fecal Coliform for sites 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, and 18, all in the urbanize Buffalo Creek watershed have mean values of 1613.95, 1189.52, 2447.38, 3167.71, 1410.86, 1178.30 CFU/100ml respectively which are within the states watch zone for the 1999 to 2002 parameters. Subsequently, above normal levels were recorded for Buffalo Creek Watershed sites 9, 12, 15, 18 for 2003 to 2008, sites 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 for 2009 to 2010, and sites 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 for 2011 to 2013with fecal coliform concentrations of 1459.56, 1078.11,1340.28,1113.34; 1890.46, 1517.04, 4115.75, 1863.17, 1475.29, 2078.82, 2165.17, 1314.42, 1389.96, 4427.21, 4684.38, 2026.25; and 1172.76, 1928.00, 2507.14,

Please briefly describe the different types of water pollution mentioned throughout the "Poisoned Waters" video. Fertilizers, Nitrogen and Phosphorous caused algae which poisoned the waters. It caused a dead zone. The farmers who own chickens was allowing the manure to pollute the water. The humans race is all responsible as we pollute our water by throwing garbage into it. Soap, household cleaning agents, toothpaste, and other plastic, lubricant and fuels are all poisoning our water.

Today in medicine doctors are rapidly isolating and distinguishing the many pathogenic microbes encountered daily within the environment. Public health has been affected from the faster identification of microorganisms by delivering an accurate analysis to patients in order to receive treatment of the disease in a timely manner. Due to the growing understanding of these organisms more have been easier to indicate to improve water quality. Also more methods have been developed for better treatment options from fecal bacteria in public water systems. Scientist has developed such specific methods of identifying the unknown organism to tell if the contamination has come from either a human, bird, or mammal. (Achtman et al., 2008)

RESULTS: Our main goal was to identify which lakes and ponds tested positive for Coliform or Escherichia coli and to come up with some reasoning as to why this could have happened. Water sampled from 6 different locations: Sebago Lake, Hinckley Reserve, Clarks Pond, a small pond near the turf field at the University of Southern Maine, in Gorham, Maine, and two runoff snowbanks both located on the USM campus in Gotham were all surveyed. These samples were taken into the lab, mixed with a COLISURE packet and pipetted into a well plate. They were then incubated for at least 24 hours at 37˚C to see if they would yield positive or negative results. The COLISURE kit perviously mentioned tests for two things: first for Coliform in the sample

What are the next steps for Principal Pinder to prevent further outreaks in the future?

The local area is City of Lake County is acceptable to many Floridians the state’s with fourth largest lake known for bass fishery with many lake beaches for recreational interests such as swimming, boating, and water skiing. The government established the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to set standards for drinking water quality as well of oversee all states, localities, and water suppliers who implement these standards. Lake County Florida there is many homes that rely on city ground water while others may have a well system in place. Contamination have impacted to the lakes over many decades led the lake to be

Escherichia Coli (E. coli) 0157:h7 is mainly a food borne pathogen but an area of concern to me regarding E. coli 0157:h7 are the reports of this bacterium being present in recreational areas and drinking sources that can cause illnesses for individuals. What causes this to occur? What happens to waste and feces after floods or heavy rains. What are solutions to help keep recreational areas safer? E. coli was discovered in 1885 by a German Austrian pediatrician named Theodore Escherich using samples from healthy individuals’ feces. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. The presence of this bacteria is a part of a healthy intestinal tract. E. coli usually poses no threats in the healthy individual but can become a great problem for the sick, young, elderly and those with a weakened immune system. E. coli is a gram negative, facultatively anaerobic rod shaped bacterium. The cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane. It can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a lab setting, thus making it one of the most studied bacteria. E. coli is known as a prokaryotic model organism. E. coli causing disease is caused by Shiga toxin that cause serious illness in people. Transmission of this pathogen is normally a common problem with contaminated cattle consumption and under

Bacteriological quality standards are used to prevent diseases and sicknesses that can be contracted through the uses of the river’s water, such as swimming. Escherichia Coli (E. coli), a harmful group of bacteria commonly found in the intestine of animals and humans, is used as an indicator of pathogens. (Figure 3) Another indicator is the Total Coliform quality which is the total number of Coliform bacteria, such as E. coli, which exist in the river. Coliform bacteria is used as an indicator because they usually exist where other pathogens of fecal origins exists. Although disinfection periods try to clean the water, the

There are many things to consider as possible challenges when recreating this experiment. Contamination is one of the major ones, if for any given reason human error occurred when taping the mating agar plates, contamination could be produced and that sample will not be usable. Another major possible human error that can occur in this experiment is not remembering to put the hyphae side pf the fungal down, which could end up in no spores or improper growth. Some less major but important to take into account are squashing errors. If too much pressure was applied to the squash then the fruiting body would be dispersed everywhere and it will not be possible to make a reliable measurement. In the contrary, if not pushed down hard enough the spores

As long as humans have been on the earth disposal of sewage as been an ongoing fight. In the Middle Ages sewage was just disposed of on the streets. Gutters were lined with feces which intern would mix with the water supplies and create diseases and provided substances for rodents and ticks that spread the black plague killing one-third of Europe. It wasn’t until the 19th century a correlation was made between contaminated water and disease which leads to the sewage system. From there the ideas grew and different methods came about such as a septic system. A septic system is a type of underground well that receives human sanitary waste through three stages septic tank distribution box and absorption field. In the septic tank human sewage is

Pathogens are disease-producing organisms that present a potential public health threat when they are present in contact waters, Storm water runoff from urban area and highway typically contains a variety of pathogen-indicator organisms at concentrations that are a threat to the beneficial uses of the receiving waters for the runoff. As (US EPA 2015,) cited Lee (1998a), there are a number of indicator organisms that have been used to evaluate the presence of harmful pathogens in storm water runoff. Pathogens enumerated included bacteria (total and faecal coliform, faecal streptococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella) and enteroviruses (poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, and Echovirus) ( (US EPA 2015,) But more literature including US EPA and NURP used total and faecal coliform to evaluate the water quality of urban storm water

One of the most common problems with the presence of excess water in communities, whether via tropical storms or coastal flooding, is where the water goes and what is in that water.

Water is an essential part of the human life. According to Bob Allen, “About 70 percent of the human body is made up of water” (2007). This is a massive part of human livelihood and is manifested by the amount of water consumed daily. Water has unlimited uses and is used for hygiene and dietary consumption. Citizens often use it, but never thoroughly examine what they are consuming. Many studies have been conducted to analyze contaminants that fill water and the dangers of being unaware. The problem of water contamination is an issue that happens globally. It happens in places like Haiti, Ethiopia, Flint, Michigan, and even Alabama. These are places that are affected so severely that many people have died from the contamination. According to the United Nations Development Programme, “Half of the world’s hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a water-related disease” (The Water Project). In Opelika, Alabama according to the Marler Clark network, “At least 13 people in Lee County, Alabama have been [was] made ill in an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak traced to Sportsplex and aquatic Center in Opelika Alabama” (E. coli in Swimming Pools). This was contamination found in a swimming pool that directly affected the people. Additionally, Samford University is susceptible to water contamination if the source water is not properly protected and checked. The students regularly drink water but the thought never crosses their mind that they could possibly be a part

Ten pathogens of interest that are commonly causative agent in drinking water disease were identified to be included in the cost-benefit analysis: Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli O157:H7, Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Hepatitis A, Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp., Norovirus, and Legionella. Infection rates, incident cases, acute gastrointestinal (AGI) cost per case, sequelae rates and cost per case, and mortality rates and cost per case were identified for each of the ten identified pathogens. When data was unavailable, an estimate was made based on relevant data identified in the literature. Those values were then used to calculate the annual costs associated with AGI illness cases and the number of cases and total annual costs