Fowler, Sweeney, Kohlberg

Spiritual: The pre-stage is infancy before & language and conceptual thought. Sometime between two and seven a child enters intuitive/projective faith marked by the rise of imagination, but lacks logic for questioning perceptions or fantasies. Next, children progress into mythic/literal faith. Here the child develops a

James Fowler’s theory of faith development includes six stages: primal faith, intuitive-projective faith, mythic-literal faith, synthetic-conventional faith, individuative-reflective faith, conjunctive faith, and universalizing faith (Hutchison,

James Fowler developed his stages of faith after conduction in-depth interviews of 359 people. The sample subjects were predominately white, with equal numbers of males and females and included a wide range of ages, from three and a half to 84 years old. Fowler’s interviews consisted of 30 plus questions regarding the subject’s life experiences, relationships, values, commitments and religion. After analyzing the responses, Fowler placed each subject in one of six faith stages. The responses indicated that as the subject’s age increased, so did their stage of faith (Hutchison, 2015).

Kohlberg’s second level from his theory is conventional moral reasoning. This is primarily people following social norms and customs (Kohlberg’s Theory). The laws and rule are sustained simply because they are laws and rules that must be followed (“Kohlberg’s Moral Development”). The second level is generally found in society hence the name of this level being “conventional”. Stages three and four are included in the conventional level. Stage three focuses heavily on peer approval (Lawrence Kohlberg). Individuals are merely trying to please others so they will follow rules or do what others want them to do in order to gain their approval (“Kohlberg’s Moral Development”). Many will follow

“‘Faith! Faith!’ cried the husband. ‘Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One!’” (Hawthorne 1297) These were the words expressed by Young Goodman Brown during the evil baptisms. Whether Goodman Brown was speaking to himself or his pleasant wife Faith, it is easily seen that there is a definite need of Faith and God to be saved from the “Wicked One”.

The second level of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development is the Conventional Level. The Conventional level consists of stages 3 and 4. Stage 3 is based on interpersonal expectations. Those who are at this stage try to be a “good” boy or a “good” girl and live up to others’--such as close friends and family’s-- expectations. Stage 4 is based on Law-and-Order. They are not only focused on what their family and friends say; they are now focused on society. These stages are usually reached by early teens. They don’t blindly follow rules;

To capture the reader’s attention and improve their understanding of the book, the author provides a detailed analysis and description of what a Christian needs to understand regarding faith and factors that influence it. By the end of the initial section or at least the detailed introduction, almost any persons that reads Gonzalez work is confident that the book will provide a wide range of Christian related topics that influence our future. This will also entail informing the Christians who are the main audience that the author aims to reach on the importance of faith as a Christian.

Kierkegaard believes that true faith can only be attained through a double movement of giving up rationality or logic, while at the same time believing one can understand logically. In “Fear and Trembling” Kierkegaard relates true faith to the Knight of infinite resignation and the Knight of faith; in this paper, I will examine this claim and show why Kierkegaard’s analogy is an excellent metaphor for the double movement which is required in one’s quest to attain faith and why.

According to Martin the path of belief is when we are first introduced to the idea of religion at a young age and how much it impacts us. We are often introduced to religion or spirituality at home and in the media, but we mostly introduced to it via our families. Also how the idea of faith is brought up in our lives and how prominent it can be. Martin touched on the idea of faith being so important in our lives at such a young age, “Faith has always been an essential element in their lives. They pray regularly, attend religious services,

In reading the article, Fowlers faith development seems to be more about how one views the world around them and not so much based on religion of any particular kind. Fowler’s faith developmental processes are similar to those of Piaget and Erikson. “Like cognitive, moral, or ego development, faith development can continue to mature across the life cycle’ (Fowler & Dell, 2004). There is a lot of interconnection between Fowler and Piaget and even Erikson. Fowler describes seven faith stages which seems to be based off of the Piaget and Eriksons developmental stages.

Fowler’s Faith Development explores a person’s center value, image of power, and shared master story (worldview). These three aspects of faith development are interrelated. In terms of spiritual formation, if a child’s center value is God, then that will be where a child puts his or her faith, trust, and love (loc. 2464). This will then be reflected in images children embrace when they think of who God is in their life. Finally, children will use their faith in God and their image of who He is to make sense of who they are and what their place is in the master story. Children who have an understanding of who God is can begin to understand their relationship with Him and find their identity in Him.

In trying to reconstruct my past to correlate it with James W. Fowler’s stages of faith, who I am now is the lens through which I remember the past. I am rehearsing the past with a present view. James W. Fowler purports faith begins to develop between ages three and seven. I grew up in a rural area in South Carolina. We lived on a farm until I was twelve. Although my dad stopped farming when I was six or seven, we lived in the same house until I was thirteen. My earliest memory with regard to Fowler’s first stage of faith development, Intuitive/Projective Faith was prior to attending elementary school. I don’t remember my exact age, however, my siblings and I were quite imaginative during play time. We conjured these elaborate scenes and characters and envisioned ourselves as owners of mansions and castles. We were encouraged by our parents, particularly, our dad, to dream big dreams.

In Soren Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling, he discusses the "Three Movements to Faith." For Kierkegaard, faith of any kind involves a paradox. This paradox, as well as Kierkegaard's suggested path to faith, is illustrated by the main characters of Breaking the Waves, Bess and Jan.

The first stage is trust or mistrust. This stage begins from birth to one year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver. If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.

What is faith? Faith is something different to everyone. If you asked a hundred different people, it is possible that you would get many diverse answers. Religious faith and non-religious faith are two very distinct terms. Faith holds an extremely complex meaning when discussing it in the context of religion. Faith is a belief. That holds true to every religious and non-religious person. Every faith involves a decision. It is not about what we claim to believe, but what we actually do believe, that is true faith. Throughout this paper, I am going to discuss Christian faith, how it pertains to daily life and Christianity as a whole. I also intend to delve into George W. Forell's discussion of Christian faith and analyze and