Ford Motor and Value Enhancement Plan
Ford Motor announced its value enhancement plan (VEP) in 2000 to restructure its ownership. With the new VEP, Ford aimed to pay $10 billion cash back to its shareholders. Basically, the VEP provided all the existing shareholders, including the family and common shareholders, a proposal to exchange their shares one-for-one for new shares accompanying with an additional option of ei-ther achieving $20 per share or equivalent extra new shares based on the Ford’s new stock price. Compared with two conventional pay-outs methods – cash dividends and share repurchases, Ford’s VEP is a more flexible way. The reasons are as follows:
Value Enhancement Plan vs. Cash Dividends
Cash dividends drop the value of firm
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Therefore, the VEP is advantageous for shareholders who want liquidity from the investment by giving them tax efficiency benefits.
Value Enhancement Plan vs. Share Repurchases
Since Ford management believe that the share prices were undervalued in the past few years, the implement of VEP is an effective approach to buy back part of its outstanding stocks, which is sim-ilar to share repurchases. For Ford management and family members, they are able to strengthen their control of the company. If all the Class B shareholders retained their stocks and all the $10 billion cash was disbursed to other shareholders, the percentage of Class B share would increase from 5.8% to 7.04%, and their 40% voting power will be further consolidated.
Although both of these two methods have the similar function in adjusting the capital structure, VEP has its advantages in terms of less limitation and higher efficiency. According to SEC rules, Ford’s maximum repurchase volume from open market was 2.075 million per day in 2000, which means Ford has to spend at least 103 days to conduct the share repurchases with the total $10 bil-lion cash. The implementation of VEP significantly reduce the time cost in the repurchase process. Moreover, since VEP provided the same deal to all the shareholders, it saved the time and funds spent in the negotiation and premium prices offering.
Apart from the normal shareholders and family
Aside from the two aforementioned proposals the company can raise its leverage in other ways. By conducting DuPont analysis and understanding operating leverage we see that purchasing fixed assets and decreasing stockholder’s equity will raise the equity multiplier and the firm’s operating leverage. In this instance we recommend against this approach as the firm already has a large amount of excess cash above what they require to fund new positive NPV projects and purchase new assets. Investors would rather see their capital returned to them in the form of share repurchases and dividends as it is evident by the company’s cash stockpile that they can
b. The overall profit would be a function of the customer’s satisfaction level. Hence a profit
In April 2000, Ford Motor Co. announced a shareholder Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) to significantly recapitalize the firm's ownership structure. Ford had accumulated $23 billion in cash reserves and under the VEP would return as much as $10 billion of this cash to shareholders. In exchange for each share currently held, the plan would give stockholders one new share plus the choice of receiving $20 in either cash or additional new Ford common shares. Shareholders electing to receive cash would be taxed on these distributions at capital gain rates. Among other things, the plan provided a means for the Ford family to obtain liquidity without having to dilute their 40% voting interest (even though they own
or a combination of cash and new share. Based on the following analysis, Ford should go
6. If the company decides to go ahead with the targeted stock issue, what specific provisions or features should the stock include to ensure maximum value creation? How closely would you model USX’s targeted stock on GM’s alphabet stock?
Management considering share repurchase program should weigh its benefit of financial discipline, efficient corporate strategy implementation and utilization of tax shield against the downside of cost of financial distress. It’s not the possibility of bankruptcy that causes concerns among equity holders regarding extent of leverage but the direct costs (legal, liquidation, administrative etc.) and indirect costs (deteriorated corporate image, management time and attention, agency costs of value-destructing investment, distress asset sales etc.). Exhibit 4 lists the key assumption inputs of approximating quantitative firm value/ equity value accretion. Levering UST to a larger extent by adding $1,000m does increase firm value.
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From 1993 until the start of 1995, MCI’s stock had outperformed the S&P. However, in 1995, the stock’s performance was poorer than the S&P. With shareholder’s getting restless, the idea of a stock repurchase was being considered. Depending on which option MCI chooses—stock repurchase with debt issuance or open market repurchase program—the message being sent could be different. Let’s consider option one—MCI issues debt and uses the proceeds to repurchase stock. According to the article “Raising Capital: Theory and Evidence” by Clifford Smith, the market would likely react very positively to this leverage-increasing event. Because of the information disparity between a
Moreover, after predicting the next ten-year discounted free cash flows, we were able to calculate the discounted payback period of 5.69, comparing with the arbitrary cut off point 7.87. For the arbitrary cut off point, we use the average return on equity (net income/total equity) of the past 4 years, which is -12.702%, because it is more accurate and consistent than using the ROE of 2002. Then, we assume that all the equity leaves the company at
The repurchase program increases the shareholder’s value. This is because of a rise in the price of the shares of the original shareholders.
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