Conclusion
The goal of this review was to examine etiology and treatment of children with a specific severe feeding problem. To meet this goal, only studies describing children with food refusal, defined as a child's refusal to eat all or most foods presented which resulted in either the failure to meet caloric needs or dependence on supplemental tube feeds, were included. It should be noted that most studies that used the term, food refusal, did in fact describe participants that met this definition with only a handful of studies excluded because the participants were selective eaters who had no apparent problems with nutrition.
Even though all of the studies in this review included participants who met the same definition of food refusal,
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These same medical conditions were also found in the descriptions of the participants of the 38 intervention studies, leading one to the conclusion that medical problems, especially gastrointestinal problems, are predominant in the population of children with food refusal. Despite this finding, the role of medical management in the treatment of food refusal is still not clear. While several intervention studies mentioned the importance of treating the medical conditions that were comorbid with the child's food refusal, in the studies reviewed, it was not always clear how medical conditions were managed or that these conditions were managed sufficiently. This is significant as these medical conditions were mentioned in some studies as a reason why some children were not successfully weaned from supplemental tube feedings. Given that feeding disorders have been termed biobehavioral problems (Kedesdy & Budd, 1998), a more complete description of the medical treatment provided to children with food refusal should become a standard component of the intervention literature. This may provide a better guide for integrating medical and behavioral …show more content…
Appetite manipulation, which involved the elimination of tube feedings, and reinforcement of food consumption has been shown to be effective in one study (Kindermann et al., 2008). While this study did not involve the use of escape prevention, it is not clear if the outcome obtained with the young children in this study who had limited medical and developmental problems could be replicated with older children with a longer history of feeding problems. It may be the case that there is a continuum of severity even within the group of children defined as having food refusal, with only a subgroup requiring escape prevention. While the use of appetite manipulation, escape prevention, and other components have been described in successful treatment of a 6-year-old with long-standing food refusal (Gibbons et al., 2007), the combination of these components has, to date, not been widely used. A combination of appetite manipulation, escape prevention, and stimulus fading may prove to be not only an effective treatment for food refusal, but this combination may also decrease the duration of
A key problem for John, the 10 year old child, is that he does not like eating sandwiches. Taste preferences cannot be controlled completely. However, John may benefit from being in a positive environment while he eats and has a bit of control over what he eats so that he may learn to listen to what his body wants and what his body needs. The younger sibling, Jamie, poses no problems or issues with regards to nutrition. Jennifer, has the issue of keeping up her nutrition as she needs to maintain an optimal nutritional diet in order to have her baby developed healthily and maintain proper growth. Furthermore, once her child is born, it may be wise to follow the idea that using food as a reward or punishment, as well as encouraging could lead to negative effects on the child’s nutritional eating patterns and over/under-eating as well as a picky eater, which
1) Is it legally acceptable for health care providers to force feed patients without or against their consent if their life depends on this form of treatment?
For example, feeding dysfunction is predominant in younger children, vomiting and abdominal pain in school age children, and dysphagia and food impaction are predominant symptoms in older children and adolescents. 2 Evidence suggests progression to dysphagia and food impaction with disease course and aging. 11 In a study of children with a mean age of 9 years, the most common presenting complaint was symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (85%) or dysphagia (18%). 12
Cystic fibrosis is another medical factor that can affect a child’s diet, Cystic fibrosis trust (N/A) suggest ‘The gene affected by CF controls the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. People with cystic fibrosis experience a build-up of thick sticky mucus in the lungs, digestive system and other organs, causing a wide range of challenging symptoms affecting the entire body’. Children who have cystic fibrosis will have to take a lot of tablets to clear the mucus out of their lungs also children will need to try and eat around 1,000 calories as cystic fibrosis does affect the digestive system and without a lot of food the child can become malnourishment and prone to infections.
In a study by Marchi and Cohen (1990) maladaptive eating patterns were traced longitudinally in a large, random sample of children. They were interested in finding whether or not certain eating and digestive problems in early childhood were predictive of symptoms of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Six eating behaviors were assessed by maternal interview at ages 1through 10, ages 9 through 18, and 2.5 years later when they were 12 through 20 years old. The behaviors measured included (1) meals unpleasant; (2) struggle over eating; (3) amount eaten; (4) picky eater; (5) speed of eating (6) interest in food. Also data on pica
Improper meals are connected to academic and behavioral problems. “Today in the United States, 1 in 6 children suffers from a disability that affects their behavior, memory, or ability to learn.” “Children's brains are built differently depending on what they are fed when they are rapidly growing. Healthy brains are about 60% structural fat.” This shows that a significant number of children have a sort of problem that is
Malnutrition is being reported by medical professionals everywhere and is of major concern in almost every state in the nation. Children who suffer the effects of malnutrition contribute to a high number of those with negative health problems. Obesity is being associated as a side effect of malnutrition, as children who don’t get enough to eat regularly eat foods that are less healthy. Childhood hunger also contributes to health conditions like a deteriorated immune system, chronic fatigue, developmental problems, and behavioral issues. Many poor children in the United States today, experience an uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food, or hunger.
A republican government is a type of government where the people give the political authority. Basically, all power comes from the people. We hear the word republic every time we say the pledge of allegiance. The word republic comes from the Latin word res publica which means a form of government where the people have power instead of a ruler, lord, king etc. America is a republic, as written in the U.S. constitution, where the citizens give power to the government. Many argue that America is democratic but that is not what our Founders wrote.
Do you think a leader who is corrupted by his greed for power would be beneficial for the social stability of a colony? A leader is someone who leads by example, it is not something bestowed upon you. ‘A great leader helps a group of people identify what they want and how they get it, and then influences that group free of coercion, to take coordinated action to achieve the desired outcomes. A great leader achieves results at a level far beyond what others achieved’ (Global Learning, 2012). The novel, Animal Farm written by George Orwell, displayed the attributes of catastrophic leaders through the exemplification of the pig’s characters.
With children as early as age 7 showing dissatisfaction with their body, and as young as 9 starting dieting, eating disorders are a serious issue in our society. Taking a look at perceptions, behaviors, and medical issues associated with the disorders of anorexia and bulimia, scholars have tried to categorize and find answers to the problems which certain adolescents suffer. In this paper I focused on the two major eating disorders of anorexia and bulimia.
In conclusion, I decided to do this particular topic because of personal experience. I observed a daycare facility; the teacher had a child that was not able to digest food items like a typical child. The child was three years old. She was feeding in a feeding tube. The teacher in the class room was not able to work the machine so the child can eat. All the children in the center finished eating besides the child. The teacher had to go to classroom to classroom to receive
Nutrition is important to understand because it is a significant contributor to the health and wellness of a human being. Nutrition can determine the weight of a person, the performance of organs and the body’s ability to prevent or accelerate certain diseases. Health and nutrition can be influenced by several factors such as family, friends, peers as well as physical and mental stress. As a young child, the immediate family is the biggest influence on nutrition because they are the first role models and establish the initial habits that the individual will develop. Through daily meal plans given to children, they can develop a standard of care in regard to nutrition and then incorporate key food groups into their daily diet. A child’s
Preterm infants face a number of challenges in attaining full oral feedings including physiologic instability, neurologic immaturity and behavioral state disorganization (Gennattasio, Perri, Baranek, & Rohan, 2015). The time in which preterm infants are learning to feed is characterized by rapid motor and neurodevelopment in which every feeding experience plays a role (Shaker, 2013). Physiologic stress during feeding may encourage sensory-motor pathways in the brain, leading to maladaptive feeding behaviors, learned feeding refusals and long-term feeding aversions (Shaker, 2013). Traditional, volume-driven feeding practices fail to account for an infant’s hunger cues, the physiologic stress caused by the challenge of oral feeding and the quality of an individual feeding (Newland, Weems L’Huillier, & Petrey, 2013). According to Sundseth Ross and Browne (2013), feeding practices must move from
Parents are searching for answers, on what are the best ways to treat their children. Some doctors believe that changing a child’s diet, by eliminating processed foods can help alleviate symptoms. However, there are doctors, who believe this is untrue. Presented, in this paper, are the many sides of the argument – can changing a child’s diet
Since my early years, I have been infatuated with business and making money. At the age of eight, my grandmother gave me a computer for Christmas. So, I began writing books and started my own publishing company. I wrote a series of books and marketed them to my entire family. Using colored pencils, I created postcards and addressed them to every relative in my family and successfully sold books. Next thing I knew, I found myself hiring my cousin as my illustrator. It was apparent to me and my family that I was mesmerized with business as I ended up firing my cousin as her work wasn’t up to my standards. By the time I was ten, I started my own bakery business called "Jason's Cakes." With the help of my mother, I made cupcakes, cookies, and fudge