Flella Case Study

The bacterium that causes tularemia is Francisella tularensis. The bacterium Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative bacteria which is nonmotile, and strictly aerobic; it is also the causative agent of the pneumonic form of tularemia, which is often lethal without treatment. In the gram stain it is red/pink in color and it appears in small rods.

Neisseria is a Gram negative bacteria that has fimbriae that allow attachment for colonization. This means that the bacteria has colonized , so there are multiple Neisseria cells present. Gram negative bacteria are endotoxins, which could explain why her symptoms have worsened. Endotoxins only excrete when the cells die, so when you take antibiotics it kills off the cells quicker than them just dying by themselves. The more cells that die the more severe the execration , the worse the symptoms. Endotoxins can cause your blood to clot causing tissue death or can cause septic shock, which could explain why half the people

As a facultative anaerobe, Klebsiella is usually found in human intestines or stool, where it is harmless. However, it has recently become a more important pathogen if it gets in the respiratory tract or bloodstream of a person with poor health or a compromised immune system (Guentzel, ). It commonly causes nosocomial, or hospital-acquired infections, which are contracted through the contaminated hands of healthcare workers, catheters or other equipment that is not sterile. These infections normally occur in patients that are being treated in the hospital for some other reason. Some examples of Klebsiella induced syndromes are Urinary Tract Infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, diarrhea, meningitis and osteomyelitis. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health (2017), the mortality rate of a Klebsiella infection is around ninety percent in most countries. Additionally, it has become increasingly hard to treat infections caused by Klebsiella due to its ability to resist certain

Patient is presented to the ER with her mother after having been referred by her pediatrician. Mother complains nine month old patient is exhibiting symptoms she herself had been experiencing over the last year and a half or so. Mother and daughter share symptoms of intermittent fevers, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss/inability to gain weight, extreme fatigue with nocturnal wakefulness. The mother said she also experienced some muscle pain, confusion at times and possible personality changes. The mother told the ER doctor she attributed her symptoms to pregnancy but they continued after giving birth. They started off very mild but have been becoming more severe over the last year. During physical examination patient states having

In order to diagnose this patient with this bacterium, I would place an order for a blood culture. Blood cultures are indicated in patients with sepsis, severe skin and soft tissue infections, or unstable vital signs; example massive organ failure. Blood cultures

The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen. Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock, even with treatment.

On his death certificate they declared his cause to be Sepsis by an unknown origin. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response that occurs within the body due infection within the bloodstream. Common sites for infection that cause sepsis include pneumonia, kidney infections, or abdominal infections. The infection can be either bacterial, viral, or fungal. The most common gram positive organisms include staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Common gram negative organisms include pseudomonas species and E. coli.

In our world we are surrounded by microorganisms, some are harmless, many are beneficial; they are a part of our normal flora on our skin and in our intestines, providing a barrier against microorganisms that may not be so harmless. It is important, however, to distinguish which microorganisms are potentially pathogenic from those that are not, and when someone does get ill to determine what the organism is so appropriate treatment can be determined.

Tularemia is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis is a microorganism belonging to the Domain Bacteria, Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Thiotrichales, Family Francisellaceae, Genus Francisella and species tularensis. This microorganism is considered to be in the Domain Bacteria rather than in the Domain Archaea for a few reasons. Not only does F. tularensis not have a nucleus, but it is also unicellular and contains a single circular dsDNA. The plasma membrane is also composed of a series of unbranched fatty acids that are connected to glycerol molecules via ester linkages, all characteristic of Domain Bacteria (5).

Sepsis is a rapidly progressive illness that must be treated early with antibiotics and supportive care.

A. Etiology – Most of the time sepsis is caused by “hospital-acquired gram-negative bacilli or gram-positive cocci and often occur in immunocompromised patients and patients with chronic and debilitating diseases” (Maggio). Sepsis “may be associated with the introduction of microbes into the blood stream directly via” invasive hospital instruments (Cuna).

There are many complications that can occur from other illnesses and in all attempts, the healthcare team tries their best to prevent these complications in every circumstance as possible. One of these complications that can arise from an illness including sepsis. Sepsis is known as a systemic infection that is located within the blood and can invade every organ and tissue in the body. If the infection is not treated in time or cannot be controlled, it can progress to septic shock and eventually to multiple organ dysfunctional syndrome. Sepsis is a serious infection and the mortality rate has increased by 50% due to a delay in seeking medical attention with an infection (Davis, 2014).

Pediatric sepsis can present itself in a number of ways, it is manifested by: rashes, changes in skin color, decreased amount of urine, lethargy, fever above 1004 F, and disinterest or difficulty feeding, among others (Rory Staunton Foundation for Sepsis Prevention, n.d.) When sepsis takes place, the circulatory system is often the first system to become compromised. Tachycardia, tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, fever, or worst case scenario, circulatory collapse can happen (Santhanam, 2016). If continued, sepsis can eventually affect multiple organs, also known as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOBS), or worse lead to death. The signs and symptoms of sepsis reflect the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). As medical doctor Shankar Santhanam (2016) states in the “Pediatric Sepsis,” SIRS can be caused by infectious or

– Clinical findings are the same as for pneumonia (fever, leukocytosis, purulent secretions), but there is no new lung infiltrate

Caused by another disease, such as a connective tissue disease (including lupus or scleroderma) or HIV.