External Validity Essay

The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the type of music a person listens to and his crime rate (p < .05).

“With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas” With respect to religion, trade, and technology this seems to be a valid quote referring to the 16th century and how Europeans were able to accomplish colonization and exploration on the other half of the globe.

Construct validity has to do with establishing correct operational measures for the concepts being studied (Yin 2009, p. 40). Yin (2009), writes that researchers can improve construct validity construct validity can be if multiple sources of data is employed (triangulation of data), establishing chain of evidence, and reviewing the report with their informants (p. 41). In making sure that one can draw a meaning and useful inferences from scores on particular instruments of data collection and to demonstrate the accuracy of their findings, Creswell (2013) also advice the use of member checking and triangulating data (p. 201). Quarm (2009) and Sarquah (2008) both used several data sources (interviews, documents, media, and internet) in

The interval validity reflects to what extent changes in a dependent variable are actually changed by an independent variable. The internal validity of this research will be enhanced by tightly controlling the entire experiment. This done by using small numbers of variables in a setting

In this post, I will examine the relationship between SATs scores and student success in college through the lens of criterion validity. Since currently Higher Education institutions are focusing on ranking, now, more than ever, admissions requirements are becoming more strict, and heavier weight is being placed on SAT scores as a way determining “quality” students. Currently, SAT scores are used to determine whether a student will be successful in college. This shift is causing a great push to identify students of risk, and for more elite institutions, who should be admitted (Chronicle of Higher Education, 2017). Do to this shift, there is great emphasis placed on the SATs as an indicator of college success. The question that many student affairs professionals and educational leaders ask are, does this test accurately measure and show a relationship between test scores and outcomes?

In addition to external validity, this question on the exam also spoke to internal validity. Just to recap, internal validity, one of the main criterion for experiments, is referred to over and over again as the notion in which assuring that the relationship between two variables cannot be explained by anything other than the identified manipulated and measured variable (Morling, 2012). Internal validity can also be described in the terms of having a third variable, another plausible explanation, that influences the relationship between the initial two variables. In the question, the researcher examined her study again because of a third variable that could have potentially affected the original results of her study. That third variable

Some people think that music can positively influence the listener while others disagree and argue that it has a negative impact. Mark Edmundson, the author of “Can Music Save Your Life?,” asserts through his own experience and the research of others that music solely “preserves” the listener’s life as a “balm—cortisone spread” (paragraph 25). His use of a well-known medical supplement makes it more relatable and believable to the reader. The authors of “Feeling the Beat” support Edmundson by stating that they observed an increased sense of confidence in oneself and one’s beliefs in the people they interviewed(Iwamoto, Creswell, & Caldwell 346). Their main support is the quote from one of their interviewee’s who said, “We can identify what they are talking about” (Iwamoto, Creswell, & Caldwell 343). This not only explains why students listen to certain types of music, but also why it can have such an impact on them. Derek Iwamoto, John Creswell, and Leon Caldwell declare their statement that positive influence of music by stating that the majority of the students they observed used their music as a way to

The participants for all three experiments were taken from a sample pool of college students from Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich Germany. In addition, a pilot study was conducted before the three experiments were executed and utilized the same sample pool. The pilot study consisted of two pre-tests, which consisted of 40 participants. There were 28 women and 12 men for the first pre-test, and 39 women, 11 men for the second pre-test. In this study, no other participant characteristics were given besides gender. In each of the experiments in this study, the participants listened to two songs from each condition. Each condition

The 164 participants were tasked with completing a questionnaire that would assess their music preferences based on thirteen different qualities of music. This combined with an evaluation of how much the participants enjoyed music and the amount of time spent listening was put into consideration as well. An eight scale assessment was conducted for both personality styles and expressed concerns of the participants while a four scale assessed behavioral correlations (Schwartz & Fouts, 2003).

In the end, the majority of the students did not gain a stupendous amount of appreciation towards classical music, but none of the students stated that they disliked classical music. This also could be because all of the students voluntarily enrolled in the music course. Students that are already enrolled in a music course could have a little more background and may feel less forced to listen to different styles of music. In order to gain a more accurate result, the experiment should broaden towards students that are not enrolled in a music course. Students that are not already enrolled in a music course can provide a fresh perspective and a different variability of the results already

The study found that when developing students are learning to play and instrument that they develop the ability to not just hear and appreciate the sounds of music differently but also process the sounds in a different way compared to kids of the same age not learning an instrument. This is due to learn to play an instrument help develop neurophysiological distinction which has been linked to aid and boost literacy and this which possibly improve success in academics. A quote that I believe is really great in driving home this point is by Nina Kraus in her book “Frontiers in Psychology” and that quote is, “We like to say that making music matters, Because it is only through the active generation and manipulation of sound that music can rewire the brain.” And she was saying this after hosting a study at Northwestern’s Auditory Neuroscience Lab. And the experiment was to see if a music appreciation class had the same effect as actually learning and participating in band class. And they found that the kids that were in the process of learning an instrument has better of improved neural processing skills than the students who were only in music appreciation group.

5a. The study design was experimental and further classified as a randomized cross-over trial. The best study design was selected in order to compare subjects with themselves using the different music interventions.

Music is arguably one of the world’s most important universal languages. Documentation of music can be found as early as Biblical days and can be heard all around. Think about all the places one is exposed to music: radio, TV, elevator, stores, restaurants etc. Every culture and country has its own style of music and the importance of music is paramount to individuals in many ways. Music is so powerful it can create a visceral response by lowering the heart rate and decreasing stress levels (Wright, 2017). Evidence has also shown music to activate areas of the brain that are engaged during “Other euphoria inducing stimuli such as food, sex, and drugs of abuse” (Wright, 2017, p. 3). Music, sound perception – the most powerful sense, can impact the way one feels and behaves (Wright, 2017). With evidence proving to have an impact on the brain both physically and emotionally, supporting a 5% tax increase to fund both curricular and extracurricular programs will enhance student’s development and provide to them a well-rounded education.

To begin with, one’s personality and cognitive abilities possess a quintessential influence in musical taste. Personality types can be classified and narrowed on the basis of the variables: empathy, openness and extraversion (Rentfrow et al, 2011). However, these traits can also be correlated with musical preferences. In the surveys conducted, those who rated high in openness

Music elicits an emotional and cognitive response in all who listen to it. It is powerful at the individual level because “it can induce multiple responses – physiological, movement, mood, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral” (Francis, 2008,