4.3.6 Structural Partitioning
When the architectural style of a design follows a hierarchical nature the Program structure can be partitioned horizontally and vertically.
There are mainly two types of Structure partitioning:
1. Horizontal Partitioning
2. Vertical Partitioning Figure 4.3
1. Horizontal Partitioning:
In horizontal partitioning, the control modules are used to communicate between functions and execute the functions. It defines separate branches of the modular hierarchy for each major program function as shown in the Figure 4.3.Control modules, represented in a darker shade are used to coordinate communication & execution between its functions. Horizontal partitioning defines three
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Top-level modules should perform control functions and do little actual processing work. Modules that reside low-level in the structure should be the workers, performing all input, computation, and output tasks.
Advantages of Vertical Partitioning
• Less susceptible to side effects and therefore very maintainable
4.3.7 Data Structure
Data structure is a representation of the logical relationship among individual elements of data. A scalar item is the simplest of all data structures. It represents a single element of information that may be addressed by an identifier. When scalar items are organized as a list or contiguous group, a sequential vector is formed. When the sequential vector is extended to two, three, and ultimately, an arbitrary number of dimensions, an n-dimensional space is created.In many programming languages, an n dimensional space is called an array.
A linked list is a data structure that organizes contiguous scalar items, vectors, or spaces in a manner (called nodes) that enables them to be processed as a list.
A hierarchical data structure is implemented using multilinked lists that contain scalar items, vectors, and possibly, n-dimensional spaces.Stack is a conceptual model of a data structure that can be implemented as a vector or a linked
to do the specific task. It has a node structure which contains integer data, pointers for next node and previous node of doubly linked list. It has a Head node
The data structure represents the logical relationships between data elements. In addition the data also determines the organizational structure, access methods, and alternative processing assosiativitas level for information.
A Hierarchical structure is a term used to organise a business into different categories of employees that contain multiple types of groups, which would be typically in a chain of commands that is usually in a pyramid that contains a large number of employees, so the lower part of the pyramid having the responsibility of a small role, meanwhile the upper part of the pyramid consists of roles that carry a big responsibility. However, there is one rank that is one
Module 1 establishes the framework of networking standards and protocols for the rest of the class. The module introduces data communications and defines their components and the types of data exchanged. You will learn how different types of data are represented and how data is flowed through the network.
Hierarchical database have data in a tree like structure with a parent to child relationship (one-to-many). The parent could have many children but the children have only one parent. All the attributes of the data is in a list under one entity type.
This division can sit down and analyses the methods or the strategies for the same which in turn can be implemented by the back end of the structure. This structure can be explained in the following diagram:
2) The header is the starting point and the body is a list of statements that belong to the module.
A stack has two major operations for accessing data, pop and push. A push operation adds an object at the top of the stack and a pop operation removes the object at the top of the stack.
nodes in a data structure, determined by node type or class. The advantage of this pattern
The hierarchical organization structure is pyramid-shaped. At the top of the structure is a single person, who has a small number of people reporting directly to them. Each of these people has several people reporting into them and the number of people at each level increases as you move down the structure.
Data objects can model relational data or advanced data types such as graphics, movies, and audio. Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others are objects used in object-oriented data. The object-relational is a combination of relational and object-oriented databases. Traditional and advanced data types can be used to construct database management systems. These systems can connect to a company’s website and update records as needed. Database Approach The main purpose of a database is data storage that can be stored and retrieved when needed. A popular common language called structured query language (SQL) is used to store and retrieve data in relational database. This language enables the systems to run a report or modify data or remove the data from the database. A database management system (DBMS) controls all aspects of a database, this is not limited to the creation, maintenance, and use of database. The DBMS ensures proper applications are able to access the database. An important purpose of a DBMS is to maintain the data definitions (data dictionary) for all the data elements in the database. It also enforces data integrity and security measures. Data Models Data models provide a contextual framework and graphical representation that aid in the definition of data elements. In a relational database, the data model lays the foundation for the database and identifies important entities,
As seen in the figure, functional structure comprising top level management is embedded in levels 1-3. The geographical divisions are embedded in level 4. Product divisions are embedded in levels 5-7 and the frontline teams, the teams at level 8.
specify the operations that we will perform on the data. In C our programs are all
Effective organizational structures define how job tasks are subdivided, grouped, coordinated, and managed. Six key components of organizational structures include division of labor, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization, and formalization (Remme, Jones, Van der Heijden, & De Bono, 2008, p. 79). Each element influence how employees interact with each other to reach organizational goals. Different structures are common in similar organizations among high performing organizations (Reimann, 1974, p. 707). The most appropriate structure will depend on the unique needs and culture of the organization.
Relational Database Management Systems are probably the ones that we are most familiar with in 21st century computer science. Relational databases store