Essay On Risperidone In Children

Associated with autism, there are a number of conditions comorbid to ASC. There is a high prevalence of epilepsy in individuals with autism, with a 1 in 4 prevalence, with seizures often starting in early childhood or adolescence. Tourette’s syndrome also has a higher prevalence within ASC then the neuro-typical population, with a prevalence of 6.5% compared to 2-3%. This may be due to abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate and serotonin abnormalities in autism. There is also a high proportion of individuals with learning difficulties, whether mild, moderate or severe, with a reporting from as low as 20% up to 70% prevalence.

Throughout the USA there has been multiple cases of autism with an approximate of 3.5 million people. 1 in 68 children have been diagnosed with autism, making parents struggle on whether to rely on antipsychotic drugs to repress some of the symptoms. Emmilie Buchanan-Whitlock informative article,” What are psychotropic drugs doing to autistic children?” depicts psychotropic efficacy in repressing autism symptoms and their negative factor in determining the quality of life of the child through the accounts of Rob Gorski. By her usage of hefty diction, third person accounts and sympathetic tone Whitlock shows a well-researched and organized article regardless of her lack of integration in this field. In the article these literate devices help

Physiological Changes Due to Risperdal Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, psychosis and thought disorder are all symptoms of Schizophrenia and people who suffer from these symptoms seek the treatment of atypical anti-psychotic medications. Those medicines include Risperidone (Risperdal), Clozapine (Clozaril) , Ziprasidone (Geodon) and Quetiapine(Seroquel). The purpose of these medications is to alleviate symptoms of Schizophrenia and lessen the chances of a recurrence. The basic function of Atypical Antipsychotics is to reduce the effects of blockage in the dopamine receptors and serotonin and allow communication between nerve cells. Dopamine is thought to be relevant in Schizophrenic symptoms and

Pandina et al, conducted an 8 week double blind placebo-­‐controlled trial do risperidone for autism the ABC-­‐I subscale was the primary efficacy measure used. Out of the 55, 27 were given risperidone and 28 were given the placebo (14).

Risperdal (Risperidone) has been used for a number of different mental health disorders. It has been used for Schizophrenia, Bipolar I disorder, and to help with irritability in children with Autism. There are a number of different things that will be covered in this paper such as the chemical makeup of the medication, the appearance, side effects, off label use, side effects, administration, and how it works, with other additional information.

The disorder is usually treated using two common drugs known as Aripiprazole and risperidone. The disorder can also be treated using therapy and some therapy drugs. The research below is to deduce what will be the outcome of combining risperidone to adjuvant drug therapy. This is done through analysis of conclusions drawn and effects observed from credible research articles previously conducted by other researchers. From the analysis of the research by the other researchers, conclusions drawn are that when compared, use of risperidone alone and the use of risperidone together with an adjunctive drug such as Riluzole and N-acetylcysteine the results prove that combination of risperidone with an adjuvant drug is more effective and helpful to patients suffering from autism.

risperidone whereas in this one there was a fixed dose to limit breach in blinding and to facilitate comparison between similar groups, also having this fixed dosage helped prevent bias because when using a titrating schedule of dosing in a randomized trial, it tends to show bias toward a desired goal. Risperidone in this study was well tolerated and there weren’t significant differences in weight gain or sedation(13). One of the main things disliked about risperidone is its tendency to increase the incidence of dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. In this study only mild and transient dyskinesias were seen in only 3 children, however that could be due to the low fixed dosage(13) of the study.

Children with ASD sometimes present aggressive behavior, self-injurious behavior and tantrums that impede their ability to learn in an educational environment (home school). Sometimes medicine is used in an effort to calm the child to the point where they are able to learn in an educational environment. It is recommended that behavior therapy be considered as the first course of action. Doctors recommended Risperdal for Marginee` inability to relax. Risperdal is also used for treatment of irritability in children with ASD. For example, children that struggle with aggression, melt downs (tantrums) and self- injury. Though Marginee` did not take any other medications, there are other medication available to children with autism. For example, Zyprexa, which is used for treatment of aggression and serious behavioral, Prozac and Zoloft, are used for treatment in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. All medicines have to be monitored due to various side effects.

Psychotropic medications, also referred to as psychiatric or psychotherapeutic medications, are used to treat psychiatric disorders, such as: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They have been used for many years and oftentimes come with dangerous side effects. The side effects that often occur in children taking these medications can include: fainting, blurred vision, vomiting, extreme weight gain, and even death ("Seroquel information,” n.d.). The use of psychotropic medication to treat mental disorders in children and adolescents is highly controversial because of ethical viewpoints (i.e. parents “drugging” their children to calm them down) and potentially

1. Brodaty, H., Ames, D., Snowdon, J., Woodward, M., Kirwan, J., Clarnette, R., & ... Greenspan, D. (2005). Risperidone for psychosis of Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(12), 1153-1157.

The most advancements know to man in the medical field were made in the last century; the first vaccines for Polio, Chicken Pox, Meningitis, etc., the creation of the blood banks, the discovery of stem cells, the first use of a bypass machine and countless other life-saving discoveries. As the knowledge of the human body systems and medicine grows, there is ultimately an increase in the available treatments for the many diseases, cancers, infections, and disorders that have plagued the human race since the beginning of time. With this increase comes a possibility of abuse in the system of these treatments, such as substance abuse and misdiagnoses. A common concern today is the overmedication of children in the United States, the most common

I was overwhelmed to hear that everyone in the family but the daughter. That surprised me because clearly the family is ok with the idea of someone having to take medicine for their entire life. I thinking about what I would do if I was in that situation and I'm not sure. I see why Hughe parents seemed help. His threats weren't something to take likely. Also Hugh was aware of his threats and shrugged at their seriousness. I'm interested to keep watching.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. ADHD causes children to have problems with paying attention, following instructions, and they can even have impulsive behaviors and become easily distracted. (mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/adhd) Children with ADHD may also have low self esteem, depression and trouble with academics. Medications, such as Adderall and Ritalin, are used to treat the symptoms of this disorder by helping the patient to focus and pay attention while also controlling their impulsive behavior and hyperactivity (nimh.nih.gov). Side effects of these medications are sometimes, anxiety, addiction and in some cases psychosis. Many

The most recent data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (CDC, 2014). Children diagnosed with ASD often have difficulty with functional performance in several key areas including; social participation, communication, school based activities, motor performance and play. These impairments in functional performance are not exclusive to the child alone as the caregiver often assumes a great deal of burden in managing the symptoms of a child with ASD. Furthermore, these difficulties along with the rising diagnosis rate has pushed ASD to the forefront of clinical research and has raised issues regarding which Ayres

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013). Autism is not curable, but it can be controlled using certain type of treatments as there is no specific or one treatment for autism. The question that arises for this literature review, if the treatment used for autism is effective?