Research Article Critique on Alzheimer's Disease

Risperidone is atypical antipsychotics drug used in the treatment of mental and mood disorders. It is helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. This medication may also be used in combination

Generally, the population with psychotic disorders have a poorer medication adherence compared to those with physical disorders (Kane, Kishimoto & Correll 2013). The second Australian national survey of psychosis reported that 91.6% of the population with mental health issues were using psychotropic medication; the non-adherence rate was 11.8%; and the most common given reason for medication non-adherence was forgotten (Waterreus et al.

Recently published study revealed that dementia patients who are taking antipsychotics drugs are more on risks of death. And the risk increased as dose increased. Patients, families and their care teams deserve better to prevent and treat distressing dementia symptoms. So it better to avoid this drug in dementia patient. When treating behavior problems in dementia patients, non-medicinal strategies are often more effective; however, they require time, energy, and,

Dementia is a group of symptoms caused by other disorders that affect a person’s cognition, it affects short and long-term memory that results in impaired judgment, personality changes and problem solving abilities (Wagner, Johnson & Kidd, 2013). Changes in personality and judgement can lead to agitation and aggression in these patients. One of the reasons patients present in health care facilities is related to the caregiver being unable to handle these type of behaviors (Ballard, Corbett, Chitramohan, Aarsland, 2009). The focus of this study is the use of antiepileptic drugs (AED’s) also called anticonvulsant medications in patients that have dementia with aggression and agitation living in health care facilities.

Herrmann, N. (2007). Pharmacologic management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(10), 630-646.

episodes. The onset of dementia was accompanied by aggressive wakeful behaviors that were controlled with the drug haloperidol;

Subotnik et al. (2015) conducted a randomized clinical trial (RCT) on schizophrenic patients with recent onset who receiving oral antipsychotics or long acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI). The drug selected for the study was oral risperidone and long acting injectable risperidone. Main objective of the study is to compare the clinical efficacy of the long-acting injectable formulation

United States: Universal Picture. Lieberman, J., Stroup, T., Mcevoy, J., Swertz, M., et al. (2005) Effective of Antipsychotic Drug in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia. The New Uk Journal of Medicine, 353, 12,

The study in this scenario was conducted and the results was published. However, the study had not been approved by the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health

Another threat could be the methods in which subjects are selected, in this case there could be a selection bias. This in a way most time have a false impact on the outcome of the study. Selection bias occurs during identification of the study population, the biases which may result in selection of comparison groups. On the other hand, a randomization of group membership is a counter-attack against this threat. However, when the sample size is small, randomization may lead to a paradox in probability and

Guidelines14 suggest that in elderly patients, and in patients with mild to moderately agitation , haloperidol can be started at low doses—i.e., 0•5 mg (orally) twice to three times a day—and then be titrated to obtain an effect. Severe cases and younger patients need more haloperidol. In the severely agitated patient rapid dosing is needed. In this situation parenteral doses are recommended and haloperidol doses such as 1–2 mg in young patients and 0.25–0.5 mg in elderly patients (≥60 years), repeated after 1–2 h are given until agitation resolves. Protocols for rapid titration are available.15 Haloperidol is the least sedating of the antipsychotics and can be given intravenously and by mouth. 16The atypical antipsychotics are useful as they have less propensity for EPS and less potential for effects on cardiac conduction.17 The atypical antipsychotics are not able to be given by the parenteral route. Commonly used atypical antipsychotics include olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone. The atypical antipsychotics are also ideal for the patient with underlying Parkinson’s disease. Benzodiazepines are not indicated for management of delirium and are best used in setting of delirium associated with alcohol

The case in favor of atypical antipsychotics may be strengthened once good, controlled, long term data are available in this population (Armenteros and Davies, 2006). SGAs posed a greater risk for adverse events compared with placebo. Patient-important outcomes, including health-related quality of life, social and occupational functioning, and legal involvement were rarely assessed and had insufficient strength of evidence (2012). There is need for more high quality trials and more head to head comparison between different antipsychotics, both between and within classes, and different doses to define clear parameters on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of this pharmacotherapy for children and adolescents (Seida, Schouten, Boylan, Newton, Mousavi, Beaith, and Carrey, 2012). Druyts, Eapen, Wu, and Thorlund demonstrate that the limitations in a more in depth research is needed and they struggled due to there are no control group for comparison, uncommon disorder, and small proportion of participants (2014). Hrdlicka and Dudova found limited data on the efficacy of AAPs in the treatment of EOS; however, we found a definitive lack of efficacy data with regard to specific subtypes of schizophrenia, particularly catatonic schizophrenia. Experience from adult psychiatry shows that typical antipsychotic drugs may worsen catatonic symptoms and should be avoided if

Although these agents are particularly effective against psychotic symptoms, side effects remained low. Conversely, researchers question efficacy of first generation of antipsytropic drugs in contrast to second generation drugs in the distinction between side effects. However, managing major drugs treatment prescribing doctors the complexity arises in short term and long-term treatment with positive outcomes and decrease side effects.

Chlorpromazine and haloperidol are considered benchmark antipsychotic drugs, and are the most popular treatment methods of all antipsychotic meds. When patients take medications there is a potential for withdraws, side effect, physical or mental changes. Medications may not always work, and are usually short term. So, it’s important for patients to find treatments that work and medications that give patients fewer side affects. Testing on the treatment drugs consisted of finding patients who were already diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. Data gathered from registries, trials, and pharmaceutical companies and authors of relevant trials to find effective results. The results yielded for the two medications and found

The antipsychotic medications are recommended as pharmacological interventions to treat psychotic episode in psychosis and schizophrenia (NICE 2014). They may be classified as atypical and typical antipsychotics (Meltzer 2013). The atypical drugs refer to as the newer generation of antipsychotics which may have less extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) compared to the typical antipsychotics, also known as the first generation of antipsychotics (Meltzer 2013). Both types of antipsychotic drugs are utilised therapeutically to manage positive, negative, and other symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia.