Effects Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Katelyn J. Smith Mrs. Bragdon English 1. Honors August 5, 2017     The Art of Racing in the Rain by Garth Stein is a book narrated through Enzo the dog’s point of view.  Enzo, the main character is old and getting older. He has lived with his owner Denny, a race car driver, and his daughter Zoe, for most of his life.

Data from the Medical Monitoring project provided data for patients 18 years old and older, who were engaged in care, received ART prescription and managed to suppress their viral load (Bradley, et al., 2014, p. 1114). Specifically, patient HIV medical data was gathered from medical facilities that took place between January- April 2011 (Bradley, et al., 2014, p. 1114). The rate of ART prescription and viral load was documented within the participant’s medical chart preceding the survey. The authors statistical testing was conducted using the delta method (Bradley, et al., 2014, p. 1114) .

Albert Einstein once said, “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” This was reflected in my capstone project. I did something new, I made mistakes and I learned a lot. I learned how to be organized, write a paper using first-person sources, how to manage my time wisely, and about my chosen topic, Von Willebrand Disease. I also ran into multiple difficulties along the way. Despite all the struggles, I learned many things about writing, Von Willebrand Disease, and how to overcome struggles without completely breaking down.

There is some good news in the fight against HIV. Between 2005 and 2014 new diagnosis of HIV have fallen by 19% nationwide (CDC, 2017). Those living with HIV are now living longer, healthier lives and have the opportunity to

Due to the emphasis on these three measures supporting the HIV Care Continuum, grantees have seen results with over half of the reported data 80% or above. Among these three measures, 24 out of 38 grantees reported data above 90% for prescribing ART to patients. While a similar number of grantees reported data for these three measures, more grantees were successful in prescribing ART compared to viral

According to the Nhs (2012) in the early stages most people infected with HIV experience a short period of flu like symptoms two to six weeks after infection. stages 2 and 3, if left untreated, it will weaken ability to fight infection so much that you become vulnerable to serious illnesses and may only live for 3 years, this stage of infection is known as AIDS. At this stage the person infected will experience nightsweats, lack of motivation, persistantant tiredness, significant weight loss, diarrhoea, shortness of breath, swollen glands and a fever over 37 degrees that last weeks, it is shown once aids has taken over your body at this stage you have an increased risk of developing and catching life-threatening illnesses. According to aidsmap and the NHS (2012 ) the average life expectancy for people who are HIV positive in the UK is 60. According to the NHS (2012) there is medication to treat HIV, but there is no cure. The medication taken is Antiretroviral drugs (appendix ). According to the BBC news 1st December 2012) it estimated In 2011, there were 2.5 million new infections - down 700,000 from the 2001 figure - and an estimated 1.7 million people died from Aids-related illnesses. That was 600,000 fewer than in 2005. each year treatment costs for someone diagnosed with HIV is £320,000, Or £1.2bn over their lifetimes. Therefore this shows physically people are living longer and

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus( HIV) and treatment failure can result from non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). (Michel Morin;2000)

Currently, there are no vaccines and no cures for HIV or AIDS, although scientists are researching and finding new drugs and treatments. So far, scientists have discovered a variety of drugs and medication that can be used to control and slow the virus and the progression of the disease. There are some drugs which interfere with the virus ability to make copies of itself by disabling a protein it needs, like Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. If someone is diagnosed with HIV, it is important to start with treatments as soon as possible.

The most current treatment for HIV is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). ART is using a combination of HIV medications to treat HIV. If is recommended that everyone with HIV use ART. ART is not meant to cure HIV, but to help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. There are some complications with the ART that arise. Some drug interactions can occur in the regiments, but the main

From the early 2000’s we have seen multiple strides as far in medications including new formulations and combinations of medications were approved to reduce pill burden. HIV genotyping was approved to help improve treatment outcome. New diagnostics that help detect new infections, drug approvals that added more options to treatment regimens and generic drug to lower cost of treatment.

HIV antibody tests were first issued by the World Health Organization in 1992 (WHO, 1997), since then with frequent update of recommendation, and advancement in innovation (Rotheram-Borus et al., 2000) HIV testing and counselling continue to be the gateway to HIV prevention, essential treatment and care (Fonner et al., 2012, WHO, 2012b). Knowing one’s HIV status used to be considered as a death sentence. However, after having the right treatment peoples’ view changed into considering the status as a chronic condition (Bedingfield et al., 2014). Thus the development of life-saving drugs for HIV/AIDS patients markedly shifted policies to encourage uptake of HIV testing(WHO, 2012b). In spite of that, WHO/UNAIDS in 2014 reported that, globally not more than half (49%-58%) of people living with HIV know their serostatus (WHO, 2015b, UNAIDS, 2014b). To address this gap, in 2014 a new global 90-90-90 target introduced in called to reach at least 90% of all people living with the virus to know their HIV status; 90% of all those diagnosed with HIV infection to receive sustain antiretroviral therapy; and 90% of all those initiated the treatment to have viral suppression by the year 2020 (UNAIDS, 2014a).

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major public health challenge worldwide (Sepkowitz, 2001). HIV is a microscopic organism that attacks and destroys the immune system (Carter and Hughson, 2014). This has caused 35 million people to be diagnosed with the disease and an estimated 39 million people dying from HIV related causes since the beginning of the epidemic (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016). The United Kingdom (UK) experienced a five percent rise in HIV diagnosis from 2012-2013 resulting in 107,800 patients being diagnosed with HIV (Public Health England (2014). This figure has led the UK to having one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Europe (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013). HIV still remains incurable with no effective vaccines in place, nonetheless measures have been put in place to curb its transmission (Munier et al, 2011). The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has triggered a decrease in replication of HIV in the infected host (Connor, et al., 1994).

In 2012, there were 6,360 new diagnoses of HIV, contributing to a total of 128,805 cases reported by the end of 2012. Following the identification of AIDS in the UK in the early 1980s, a steady increase of the number of people were diagnosed with HIV. From 1987 to 1990 the total number of reported HIV diagnoses almost doubled, from 8,888 to 15,570. HIV/AIDS was initially concentrated among three 'high-risk ' groups - men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users and people who had receive blood products. Annual HIV diagnoses increased rapidly till 2004. Much of this rise is because of infections transmitted via heterosexual sex. Since 2005, the sum of people who picked up HIV through heterosexual contact has been reduced while new HIV diagnoses among MSM have been continuously increasing. These two routes of transmission now have similar annual figures. According to Public Health England (2013) ' HIV in the United Kingdom: 2013 report ', injecting drug use has played a smaller part in the HIV epidemic in the UK than it has in many other high-income countries. During 2012, a reported 120 people diagnosed with HIV acquired it through this transmission route. In the initial phases of the UK epidemic few HIV diagnose were of women. Unlike in other parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where more women are living with HIV than men, HIV diagnoses in the UK have persistently been majority-male.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infects approximately 50,000 people every year in the United States. This virus causes the Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease that leaves patients more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Conventional treatment focuses on extending the latent phase of AIDs for as long as possible by interfering with HIV replication. Individuals that are homozygous for a naturally occurring ∆ 32 deletion mutation in the CCR5 gene have high resistance to HIV-1 infections because the virus is unable to attach and affect the cell. Engineered zinc finger nucleases are currently being analyzed to see if they are capable of modifying CD4+ helper T-cells into a resistant strain of CD4+ helper T-cells against HIV-1. A patient from Berlin in 2009 inadvertently received a CCR5- negative hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells from a donor that was homozygous for the CCR5 ∆ 32 mutation. This provided the infected patient with a lifelong supply of HIV-1 resistant CD4+ helper T-cells and eventually led the patient into remission. Molecular techniques are currently being used to test and monitor HIV using amplification methods. This review will discuss the molecular techniques used for diagnosing, monitoring and possible treatment of HIV-1.

sick from these infections, known as opportunistic infections since their T-cells are almost eliminated in the immune system due to constant HIV attack (AIDS.org, 2004). The main goals of HIV and AIDS treatments are to slow down the rate of HIV from attacking the T-cells in the immune system and to help the immune system to restore the ability to fight against infection (AIDS.org, 2005). From the perspective of the medical profession, HIV/AIDS specialized and experienced doctors have to be predominantly attentive on the HIV patients’ health conditions and their test results in order to correctly recommend when the patients should change their treatments to continue fighting against HIV or AIDS. Since the effect of HIV is significantly harmful to the patients’ health condition when there is a minor mistake on treatment. Doctors usually have to look closely at the patients’ recent medical record and take changes into consideration for when changing