Research Integration
EBT1 Task 2
Types of Sources of Evidence/Appropriateness/Classifications The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,
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The prescribing of antibiotics for AOM can have an impact on the health of the treated children and increases the cost of providing care. Watchful waiting is the recommendation from the AAFP & AAP in cases of uncomplicated AOM that are a result of other illnesses such as an upper respiratory virus. In the past doctors would immediately prescribe antibiotics for the signs and symptoms of an ear infection, however new evidence shows that over time bacteria have become resistant to certain antibiotics and so other means of treatment must be explored. If a child presents with symptoms of AOM and has no other underlying illness or condition, then watchful waiting is an appropriate avenue of treatment for the child. The research showed placebo trials had favorable outcomes and children responded without antibiotic interventions. If watchful waiting is used the child is not exposed to unneeded antibiotics and this reduces the chances of antibiotic resistance in the future. In addition, it also reduces the amount of money spent on health care needs in the form of purchasing medications. It should be noted that watchful waiting should only be considered in cases of uncomplicated AOM and that education should be given to care givers on when to follow up if symptoms do not improve within 48-72 hours. In the even that symptoms do not resolve then antibiotics may become necessary.
Application
An employee should uphold the confidentiality of information assigned to them by the company and its customers, except when revelation of such information is authorized or required by applicable laws, rules or regulations. “Confidential information” includes all records, non-public information related to the company and its business, customers, or vendors that come to an employee in the course of carrying out the employee’s duties and that can be value to competitors or damaging to the company or its business if revealed.
In early 19th century, the French government controlled the academies and salons of paintings. The impressionism took place in second half of 19th century, which was results of French artists rejecting the traditional government sanctioned academic painting that was dominating their arts at the time. The first independent art exhibition was held in 1874 for one month. Few of the famous artists’ who participated and help organize this exhibition was Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renior, Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro along with 25 other artists. They displayed approximately 165 paintings during this exhibit. This group of artists referred themselves as
Social responsibility in business can be defined as the obligation an organization has to minimize its negative social impact on stakeholders and to maximize its positive impact. In this case study we are introduced to a small local grocery chain referred to as Company Q. Located in a major metropolis, Company Q has recently closed some stores in areas of the city with higher crime-rates. They have started to stock a very limited amount of organic and health-conscience products after years of requests from their customers. Management has declined participating in a program to send expired food to a local food bank based on fears of employee theft by means of taking advantage of the situation. Based on the
As such, the diagnosis and management of AOM has a significant impact on the health of children, cost of providing care, and overall use of antibacterial agents (AAFP, 2004). Watchful waiting can have many benefits for the children and the provider if used properly. Diagnosing AOM can be tricky. The signs and symptoms can also be related to other illnesses such as an upper respiratory virus. Throwing antibiotics at any illness use to be the course of action. However, now that there is evidence that bacteria have become resistant to some antibiotics, clinicians are testing out other means of treating illnesses. If the child presenting with symptoms of AOM has no underlying conditions and has means to follow up with the doctor if the symptoms progress, watchful waiting is an appropriate approach for treating the child. According to the research, placebo controlled trials have shown that children have responded well without antibacterial intervention. Giving the opportunity for the illness to resolve without antibacterial intervention not only benefits the child but, the caregivers and the clinician. It benefits the child by not being exposed to antibiotics that are not needed, therefore creating a potential resistance to that antibiotic. It benefits the caregiver by not spending money on a medication their child does not need. Last, it benefits the clinician by preventing resistance to an antibiotic that may be useful in the near future.
These are often for local newspaper ads. The downside to the supplier is that their competitor may also offer an advertising allowance and receive a more desirable location within the ad. This is something that would have to be clearly negotiated.
Otitis Media is an ear infection that is more common in adults than in children. It’s a bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear. This can be very painful and can cause inflammation and build up of the middle ear. Some of the symptoms in children are ear pain when lying down, pulling on ear, crying more often, loss of balance, and fever is higher than 100 degrees. For adults, some of the symptoms are ear pain, drainage of fluid (mainly bloody) and diminished hearing. Signs to look for are severe ear pain, if the symptoms above last longer than a day, sleepless nights and discharge of fluid from the ear. The doctor takes an instrument (pneumatic otoscope) to look into the ear and judge how much fluid is inside to determine what
The first and the fourth sources fall under the filtered resources. Such resources usually look at the quality of a given study and often make recommendations for practice. These are summaries and analyses of the evidences that are sourced from the primary sources (Curtin University, 2013). The first resource is specific on the subject of diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media and the third as well is specific on the treatment of acute otitis media. These resources give the particular information relating to the subject based on the various primary findings and evidence based information that had there before gathered from the daily operations within the clinics.
Introduction: Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear cleft without reference to etiology or pathogenesis. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a destructive disease with irreversible sequelae and can proceed to serious intra and or extra cranial complications. For the management of CSOM and for the ENT surgeon to make the discharging ear dry for better results of surgical procedures like myringoplasty and ossiculoplasty study of bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity is necessary.
Acute otitis media (AOM) (ICD 10: H66.92): Otitis media is an infectious and inflammatory condition of the middle ear. It is one of the leading causes of health care visits as well as one of the important preventable complication of hearing loss. Children with acute otitis media will present with acute signs and symptoms of otalgia and fever. The signs and symptoms include fever, otalgia, irritability, otorrhea, lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting (Daniel et al., 2014). In most cases, AOM is a complication of eustachian tube dysfunction that takes place during a viral upper respiratory tract infection. In most cases of AOM, bacteria is the causative organism (Harmes et al., 2013).
You have addressed a very important medical issue in the children population. Acute otitis externa (AOE) is a very common condition in the pediatric population which is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the external acoustic meatus. Acute otitis externa is colloquially known as swimmer’s ear for its preponderance in children who have a history of prolonged water exposure. Monica, like you have listed the common cause factors of AOE, according to McWilliams, Smith, and Goldman (2012), here some other predisposing factors that may cause AOE in child which may include humidity, maceration, local trauma, external devices, anatomic abnormalities, and canal obstruction, which might make the canal epithelium susceptible to infections. During
Sinusitis is a common condition in the primary care setting. Sinusitis affects approximately 35 million people annually in the United States (Dobbs, 2009). Furthermore, this medical condition represents a significant burden on the nation’s healthcare system. The current guidelines by the American Academy of Otolaryngology recommend clinicians to prescribe analgesics, intranasal steroids, and nasal saline irritation as part of the initial evaluation and management of sinusitis. However, if symptoms do not improve within 7 days, clinicians should reevaluate the patient’s symptoms and consider antibiotic therapy (Pynnonen et al., 2015). Imaging is reserved for patients with suspected complications or to confirm the diagnosis of sinusitis when evaluating alternative conditions. Different imaging modalities may help in the evaluation and diagnosis of sinusitis including, radiographs, ultrasounds, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
If you are a parent you are most likely to have experienced the worrisome trip to the pediatrician with a child screaming in agony from an ear infection, or otitis media. The doctor gives a knowing nod, understanding you have pulled a caffeine-laced all-nighter with a little one in your arms. A quick look into those tiny ear canals confirms otitis media, a buildup of infected fluid behind the eardrum, and just like that you are off to the pharmacy for an antibiotic and a Red Bull. Parents are usually relieved to hear this diagnosis because we consider ear infections harmless, treatable, and relatively common among young children, but is there actually serious cause for alarm when your child has chronic ear infections? The answer is yes, and
Some diseases or disorders associated with the brain can range from infections, trauma, or degenerative occurrences’. One of the most serious disease of infancy and childhood is Meningitis that is caused by infection. Meningitis invades the CNS via the eyes, ears, nose, or throat causing swelling of the brain, hemorrhage, and sometimes death. Symptoms include high fevers, stiff neck, intense headaches, drowsiness, and vomiting. Depending on the severity of diagnosis of meningitis by evaluation of CSF fluid is how treatment is determined. Mild viral meningitis can be resolved with hydration, rest, and pain medications. More severe cases of viral or bacterial meningitis may require hospitalization with antibiotics and oxygen treatments with close supervision of medical staff.
in the colder parts of the globe. It achieves this in a very unique way. The EAB, during times of cold climate, situates itself in the sapwood of the ash tree. It is here that they stay during winter. During winter EAB accumulates moderately high levels of glycerol in their body fluids. Glycerol is a natural antifreeze agent. The way glycerol works as an antifreeze is by competing for hydrogen bonding with water, which disrupts the crystal lattice formation of ice, unless the temperature is significantly lowered. The temperature at which EAB can actually freeze during winter is very low. Their supercooling point in which they freeze at is negative thirty degrees Centigrade, or negative twenty-two degrees Fahrenheit. If they survive winter
Otitis media is an infection behind the eardrum, and if not treated properly or fast enough can cause speech and hearing impairments (Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn, Frey 1-2). Studies have shown that in the case of otitis media, only 25 percent of babies that are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their life obtain this disease compared to the 53 percent of formula-fed babies (Weimer 25). The second disease is atopic dermatitis, which is form of eczema or inflamed skin rash that causes unbearable itching (Haggerty 1). “Gastroenteritis refers to vomiting or diarrhea as a discrete illness for a 24-hour period,” and necrotizing enterocolitis is also a gastrointestinal tract illness, and is a source of premature infant death. Studies have also shown that only 14 percent of infants who are breastfed contract gastroenteritis, which is compared to the 31 percent of formula-fed newborns. “Over 90 percent of necrotizing enterocolitis cases affects premature infants,” however, only one percent of infants that are breastfed obtain necrotizing enterocolitis compared to the seven percent of formula-fed infants (Weimer 25-26). However, all of the diseases listed above can have life altering effects, and in some severe cases, could lead to death.