During Resting Exhalation

The diaphragm separates the chest and the abdomen as well as this it has a large role in breathing. The diaphragm moves down when we breathe in which expands the chest cavity making room for air to enter through the nasal cavity or mouth. When we breathe out the diaphragm moves upwards, forcing the chest cavity to reduce in size and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of either the nose or mouth.

The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

During inspiration, the diaphragm and the surrounding muscles contract. The diaphragm moves down increasing the volume of the chest cavity, and the surrounding muscles pull the rib up to allow further increase in volume. This increase of volume decreases the air pressure in the alveoli

There is also a large increase in airway resistance and a collapse of the lower airways during expiration and a decrease in the elastic recoil of the

“The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was attached to the participant’s chest, underarms, and above the nipple line” [4]. Respiratory monitoring was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold’s Gym 390R Cycle Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in subjects’ blood and to measure changes

Participants in this study performed two types of tasks: chest wall maneuvers and speech breathing activities. The chest wall tasks consisted of many different maneuvers, including isovolume, vital capacity, rib cage capacity, abdominal capacity, and relaxation maneuvers. Isovolume maneuvers were conducted, in which the participant displaced volume back and forth from the abdomen to the rib cage with a closed larynx. In vital capacity maneuvers, the participant inspired maximally from resting expiratory level then expired maximally. The minimum and maximum rib cage volumes during the vital capacity maneuver determined rib cage capacity maneuvers, and abdominal capacity maneuvers consisted of the range of abdominal volumes while the participant held their breath. Lastly, relaxation maneuvers were performed in which the participant completely relaxed the chest wall muscles while keeping their larynx closed. Speech breathing activities consisted of two measures: extemporaneous speech and reading speech. For the extemporaneous speech activity, the participant spoke 10 to 20 breath groups about the topic of his choice. For the reading speech activity, the participant read a 12-sentence

The diaphragm contracts when the ribcage moves up. The diaphragm relaxes when the ribcage move downs. Task 3 Describe the role of the following in relation to the respiratory system • Muscles • Blood • Nervous system Muscles Muscles control the process of inhaling and exhaling. The intercostal muscles contract and move the ribcage up and out while the diaphragm contracts, this increases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity which causes oxygen to drawn in. when the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribcage down and in and the diaphragm relaxes, this decreases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity which expels the carbon dioxide.

This study demonstrated that thoracolumbar manipulation and diaphragm release technique applied to anatomical attachment areas of the diaphragm had a beneficial effect on diaphragm strength. Subjects in the treatment group, who received diaphragm release directly to the lower part of the chest just at the last four ribs on both sides then followed by manipulation techniques to thoracolumbar junction (lower thoracic/upper lumbar vertebra T12-L1). The thumb was placed underneath the both hemi-diaphragm just below the xiphoid process of the sternum and the rest of the fingers over the rib cage at rib 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and abdominal diaphragm which are demonstrated in abdominal breathing increasing in the harmony movements in relation to the chest movement of the breathing pattern. Prior to the applying the diaphragm technique all the participants were evaluated from breathing and chest movement point of view; most of them were upper chest breather and this is an indication of diaphragm

messages to the intercostal muscles and the diaphram. So the rate of breathing is regulated by the

Hyperventilation (over-breathing) lowers the tension of CO2 in alveolar air, less fresh air enter the alveoli and respiratory rate increase without increase metabolism (Eugene & Stead, 1960); (Silverthorn, 2010). In addition, the rate of breathing are control by the respiratory centre in the medulla. The activity of the respiratory centre can be influenced by oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions which are monitor by peripheral and central chemoreceptors in the medulla. Chemoreceptor also determine the duration of breath hold, the length of breath hold reduce when oxygen concentration in blood decrease and carbon dioxide concentration in blood increase. When carbon dioxide concentration is high, reach the breaking point, around 50mmHg (McArdle,

Muscular Dystrophy is the progressive loss of muscle mass and consequent loss of strength. The respiratory complications of having muscular dystrophy includes difficulty breathing, trouble swallowing, weakening muscles of the heart, etc. When the mass of the muscles of inhalation and exhalation begins to weaken, the lungs cannot perform its job properly. This makes it harder to force air pressure within the lungs due to the lack of volume. When the appropriate amount of air pressure isn’t inhale the diaphragm cannot perform its job properly; the diaphragm is essential to inhalation. Exhalation influences the elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, but if the inhalation process of breathing isn’t functioning properly that means the exhalation

The respiratory system is the inhalation and exhalation of air; this is so that the body can take in oxygen which is used by every cell in the body. It allows oxygen into the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs. Breathing in is when the intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, this causes the ribcage to move up and outwards. Also by breathing in the diaphragm contracts, which pulls downwards and flattens, the lung volume increases and the pressure inside decreases, furthermore the air is pushed into the lungs. On the other hand breathing out is more than less the opposite of breathing in. when the body breathes out the external intercostal muscles relax and the intercostal muscles contract, the ribcage also pulls downwards and inwards, the diaphragm too relaxes causing it to move upwards back to its dome shape, the lungs volume decreases and the air pressure inside increases and air is pushed out of the lungs. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs in the alveoli; the alveoli have thin walls- makes diffusion easier, large surface area, moist surface and many blood capillaries. For aerobic respiration to take place it needs oxygen, which releases huge quantity of energy in food as it being broken-down. The equation for aerobic respiration is glucose (from the food we eat) + oxygen (from breathing in) = carbon dioxide + water (+ energy in the form of ATP). The

Your diaphragm will become tired with exercise when this happens your diaphragm can spasm this is called a stitch. Deep slow breathing and body exercises will help stop the stitches.

The centre can pick up PH levels in the blood and receives information via chemoreceptors around the body which detect the change in pH levels. We can see if there is a change of carbon dioxide levels in the blood by noticing the change in PH. Ventilation and diffusion will increase drastically through the respiratory system in a reaction to exercise your breathing rate and debt will increase if your ventilation rises, the inspiratory centre controls this by stimulating the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. The expiratory centre also controls this by being able to also stimulate the expiratory muscles which happen to be the internal intercostal muscles, oblique’s and rectus abdomens. This causes a forced expiration which reduces the duration of inspiration. Tidal volume is the amout of air taken in and relsed from the body in each breath so in vigerous exercise your tidal volume will be much higher contrasting with your body at a normal relaxed pace This is usually around 500cm cubed. Tidal volume increases to around 3-4 litres during exercise, this increase takes place as your breathing increases dramatically to compensate for the oxygen debt in your muscles . increasing the tidal volume is a good thing, it flushes out carbon dioxide and allows us to inhale plenty more oxygen to be

There are three important pressures involved in respiration. These are the atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures. The atmospheric pressure sits relatively constant at approximately 760mmHg, and is simply the pressure exerted by the atmospheric air at sea level.1 The intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure within the alveoli, which varies in different stages of the respiratory cycle, but eventually equates with the atmospheric pressure. Upon inspiration, the chest wall expands outwardly and the diaphragm contracts downwards, pulling the lungs with them and so forcing the alveoli open. The pressure within the alveoli falls and air enters the lungs down the pressure gradient. On expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest wall and stretched lungs will recoil to their pre-inspiratory size due to their elastic properties. This recoil causes the intra-alveolar pressure to rise and so air will leave the lungs following the pressure gradient until the intra-alveolar pressure is equal to that of