Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

Growing up, I’ve always wondered why there isn’t more done to help those who are stricken to wheelchairs or those who can’t remember where they are at one moment then are completely aware the next. To this day I don’t understand how nobody’s found something to halt the deterioration of the central nervous system. My “major of interest” is neuroscience. More specifically, my major is the molecular and cellular side or the “biology side” to the field. With this major, I will learn the ins and outs of the brain and everything that coincides with it. But, I will also need to research to go even farther into the subject and to really master what I’m studying. I want to be able to contribute to the current research that is pushing to fight the disabling powers of neurological diseases. The diseases I want to really focus on are Alzheimer’s and ALS. These illnesses have ruined countless lives and have stopped many people from living their lives to their full potential.

Diabetes mellitus is a category of metabolic diseases distinguished by hyperglycemia from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The most widespread form of this disease is Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which accounts for 85-95% of all diagnosed cases. Often times these cases are without symptoms during their early stages and sometimes remains undetected for many years. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is connected with enduring dysfunction and damage to various organs including the eyes,

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can take two possible forms. Neovascular AMD (wet-AMD) or non-neovascular AMD (dry-AMD) as discussed in the introduction. The available treatment involved in curing patients suffering from AMD differs between the two types of the disease. Neovascular AMD has previously been treated by coagulation therapies of the blood vessel present in the fovea (part of the retina where the ability of vision is the highest). These therapies involve the use of infrared laser light to destroy any additional or new vascular cells in the fovea with the objective of avoiding the leakage of blood vessels. This would prevent photoreceptors from further being damaged and so won’t deteriorate vision any further. However,

The most well known T2DM microvascular complications are diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication, is responsible for over 10,000 new cases of blindness in the United States each year [102] and is projected to affect >60% of T2DM patients by the first decade of disease [103]. DR is classified into 2 main stages: nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). NPDR is further classified into mild, moderate, or severe stages with the earliest signs of NPDR including decreased pericyte coverage of the retinal capillaries [104] due to pericyte loss and microaneurysms (swelling of the retinal blood vessels) [105]. Pericytes

The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationally. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) an estimated 29 million people suffer with diabetes and 86 million are prediabetic within the United States (US). Without major interventions from the healthcare community,

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes seen in other age related diseases are also playing a key role in the development of AMD. This disease affects the central areas of the retina and choroid. In return central vision is impaired while peripheral vision is usually not lost. AMD is seen in two different forms, the earlier nonneovascular (dry) type and the more advanced neovascular (wet) type. Each form has its own specific pathology and unique characteristics that set them apart. Fatty, protein deposits called drusens may be the key risk factor in understanding dry AMD pathology, progression, and treatment. Once the more advanced wet AMD is diagnosed, pathology and treatment are targeted around the formation and destruction of abnormal blood vessels, characteristic of the wet AMD eye. The increasing prevalence of AMD has influenced more investigation into what factors can be modulated to prevent the onset or to stop the progression of AMD. This text will discuss the pathology of drusens and the role of inflammation and

The blood vessels leak their subjects into the macular region can occur at any stage of NPDR as shown in the figure 1.1 which is called as macular edema. Blurred vision and darkened or distorted images that are not the same in both eyes are the symptoms of macular edema. The vision loss related to macular edema, nearly ten percent (10%) of diabetic patients will have their sight loss. Optical Coherence Tomography can show the areas of retinal thickening caused due to fluid accumulation of macular

Question 1: There are many factors that have enabled MMBC to create a strong brand. These include: taste, perceived quality, image, tradition, and authenticity. Taste is achieved through a selection of rare Bavarian hops and unusual strains of barley creating a defined Mountain Man quality. In addition, Mountain Man Lagers’ distinctively bitter flavor and higher alcohol content sets this beer apart from its competitors, which uniquely contributes to the company’s brand equity. To complement the richer stronger taste, a dark colored bottle

Diabetic retinopathy is caused by blocked blood flow to the eye, causing ischemia or increased permeability of the blood vessels in the eye. Macular edema is caused by swelling in the eye due to the increased permeability, and both of these are common causes of vision loss of those with diabetes. Some factors that can be seen in the retina from a fundoscopic exam that can cause these issues (all of which were detected in our patient), are micro-aneurysms, intrarenal hemorrhages, and hard exudates. All three of these can disrupt the blood-retinal barrier, causing issues with blood flow and swelling. Additionally, lipids and proteins both play important roles in the eye, and if there is improper breakdown of these molecules, they can make deposits in the outer layer eye. The more deposits (hard exudates) a patient has, the larger affect it can have on their vision.

However, visual support such as images of the retinal layers would have made the experimental aspect of the study stronger as the illustration would have been beneficial for readers to see the different layers of the retina and how PD has an effect on the layer segmentation. Further, the procedure was adequate and organized in a way where the authors clearly addressed each of the individual steps that were performed and taken into consideration to meet the criteria laid out for the study and how to deliver the objective of the study to the readers. Overall, the journal article did a reasonable job in addressing the correlation that exists between patients with PD and retinal degeneration by including all the necessary elements that define a credible research

In the Bible As In Literature , Moses displays poor leadership skills when he is dependant on others and doubtful as he encounters God’s demands. Moses is dependant when he brings his brother Aaron to speak, when he is doubtful in speaking to the pharaoh, and when he does not believe that he can keep the Hebrews safe. When Moses is ordered by God, he denies that he should go and speak to the Pharaoh and says, “I am slow of speech and of tongue” (112). He eventually brings his brother Aaron to speak for him to the Pharaoh since he claims that he is slow. Moses is doubtful that he should go to the Pharaoh and dependant on Aaron during this situation. Along with this, Moses is doubtful when the Hebrews ask how taking them to the wilderness is

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye (retina). It is a complication of diabetes and a common cause of blindness. Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy is important to keep your eyes healthy and prevent more damage.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.