Congestive Heart Failure Lab Report

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

Mammalian metabolic rates are much more demanding than the frog’s, due to the fact mammals are endotherms (increase metabolism to raise body temperature) and frogs are ecotherms (have negligible internalphysiological sources to control body temperature). The purpose of these experiments was to enable vertebrate physiology students to see first hand the effect environmental factors have on heart mechanics. Because the frog’s body temperature is regulated by its surroundings,it is expected that as environmental temperature increases, so does heart rate andcontraction force. According to the FrankStarling Law, stretching the heart, thereby increasing the filling of the ventricle, will result in a stronger contraction force. The effects of many common drugs on the heart are already known. Epinephrine increases heart rate while decreasing contractile force but acetylcholine decreases the rate and strength of contraction. Pilocarpine

There are two types of artificial hearts, the first being a pump that is connected to the patient’s circulatory system; it maintains life when the patient’s heart is stopped for the surgeons to be able to operate on the heart. The second type is a self-contained mechanical heart that sits completely in the patient’s chest cavity. This second type of heart is known as a “VAD” pump which pumps blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. Most mechanical hearts use a centrifugal pump, which is quieter, uses less energy and lasts longer than the piston type mechanical hearts. The centrifugal pump produces a constant flow of blood around the body; therefore the patient will not have a

The pathophysiology of congestive heart failure is that the heart has a loss of contractibility. This causes a lack of cardiac output which can’t meet the demands of the body. CHF can be caused by multiple different factors such as loss of muscle, abnormal rhythm or volume overload. CHF often occurs in patients who have multiple comorbidities such as hypertension or diabetes

Intro- Heart Failure is a multifactorial disease due to significant diminishing of heart pumping action. This is occurs in response to many underlying disease such as diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and cardiac myopathies. These conditons lead to hemodynamic instability, neuroendocrine imbalances and structural remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Early less sever hf allows for compensatory mechanisms such as neuroendocrine stimulation- (beta adrenbergic r endothelin norepinephrine r), and hypertrophy which allow for sufficient left ventricular pumping action. However as hf develops these mechanisms become unable to compensate for the progressive underlying disease which results in further loss of contraction and relaxation efficiency and loss of regulation.

We present an automatic pipeline to perform in-silico studies of cardiac electrophysiology in virtual populations. In contrast to many publications, the focus is on creating a model which parametrised by a virtual population rather than a highly detailed single case study. The advantage is the possibility to study changes between subjects and the dependency of pathologies on shape, i.e. re-entry tachycardia. As an example the coverage of the endocardium by the cardiac Purkinje network (PN) is explored in dependency of the morphological variability of the heart.

The heart is one of the most important organs in an organism’s body, no matter if they are aquatic, amphibian, or a mammal. This super organ works automatically, able to pump massive amounts of oxygen rich blood through the body by means of electrical impulses and the opening and closing of valves within its many layers. It is what keeps us and every other creature on this earth alive; so it is only natural for one to fear when there might be a problem with one’s heart. A cardiac arrhythmia can happen to anyone, no matter the age, race, or gender, and as such, doctors and scientist have spent years trying to better understand the heart and the way it functions so that they can try to prevent these problems and save millions of lives.

In this experiment, the external and internal structures of a sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. To determine the functionality of a human heart since they are both mammals.

Heart failure is term that is used to describe the heart’s inability to work efficiently as a pump. In order to decipher if an individual is likely to have heart failure is through their health history. Common backgrounds associated are diabetes mellitus, kidney dysfunction, hypertension, chronic lung disease, angina, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease (Kirk, 2011). It is accompanied by shortness of breath on exertion, decreased exercise tolerance, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, ankle swelling, sudden weight gain, lack of appetite or nausea and difficulty concentrating (Kirk, 2011). In worsening conditions it could progress to fluid buildup, rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pains , and sudden

Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified condition and how it can impact on the patient and family

A 30cm piece of thread was placed around the heart at the Atrioventricular groove (AV groove) and tied in a knot but left loose so as to not interrupt the normal function of the heart. The heart was allowed to beat for about 15 seconds with no pressure. After 15 seconds the knot was slowly tightened while taking care to stay on the AV groove while tightening. Data was observed and recorded.

The pacemaker of the heart, the sinoatrial (SA) node, generates the impulses that trigger the contractions of the heart chambers. In a very sequential, coordinated rhythm at a rate of 75 times per minute, it depolarizes faster than the other pacemaker cells of the heart preceding them with their impulses. Located in the superior right atrium, these spontaneously depolarizing myocytes trigger a depolarization wave, via gap junctions, to the left atrium and the atrioventricular (AV) node, lying in the inferior right atrium. Gap junctions, in the intercalated discs, allow the rapid transmission of ions to adjoining myocytes. Furthermore, the electrical signal can conduct through the adjoining myocytes, allowing it to operate as one functional

Approximately 2-3 million Americans, more than one percent of the population, are currently affected by this medical problem with numbers increasing frequently (Drug Store News, 1997). Congestive heart failure tends to be more common in the elderly, men, and also African Americans. Congestive heart failure has become the most common cause for current hospital admissions. Among causing prolonged hospital stays congestive heart failure has a very high mortality rate, which has declined since recent medical advancements.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in recent years. Cardiac measurements are the main factors to detect development of cardiovascular diseases and further related clinical decisions. The growing number of clinical and experimental studies has shown that optimizing the energy metabolism in the heart is an effective approach to reduce the influences associated with ischemia (blood deficiency) in myocardial. The imbalance in heart energy leads to different diseases, such as hypertrophy and heart failure. In this study, a series of valves simulations were executed through a typical geometry to evaluate the energy consumption of the heart. Fluid-Structural Interaction (FSI) simulation was employed to predict the hemodynamic

While contraction in skeletal muscle is triggered by motor neurons under central control, certain cardiac muscle variants exhibit autorhythmicity. This means that that they are capable of producing their own depolarizing electrical potential. The cardiomyocytes that are capable of producing their own electrical potentials are found in what is referred to as the electrical condition system of the heart. This system is comprised of specializes cardiomyocytes that are autorhythmic and are able to conduct electrical potentials rapidly. These specialized structures include the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle, and Purkinje fibers.