Intracellular Fluid Essay

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

distal tubule adjusts the ionic balance of the body by changing the amount of sodium

Hai limy Good post, as you mentioned Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is the chronic inflammation of the bladder wall and is most common in women although men and children can suffer from it. Unlike cystitis, IC is not caused by bacteria and cannot be treated with antibiotics as common cystitis. According to the Article by Alicia NI, the latest research suggests that 3 million women have IC and they experience constant discomfort in article he bladder. In order to diagnose IC correctly, urine will firstly be tested for bacteria to rule out a urinary tract infection and then cystoscope used to examine the bladder. A biopsy may be needed to rule out cancer.

In the short story Lamb to the Slaughter written by Roald Dahl the author shows us a different perspective to violence that is rarely used. The protagonist of the story is not necessarily a hero. The author wants us to understand that just because someone is the protagonist doesn’t mean they can’t be violent. They don’t need any hard-core training or even a real weapon! Anyone and everyone has the capability of being violent.

Lehne (2013) continues by stating that in nosocomial caused cystitis E. coli makes up only 50 percent of UTI’s. In hospital settings more common gram negative causative agents of cystitis are Pseudomonas, Proteus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is also a gram positive agent named Staphylococcus saprophyticus that makes up 10 to 15 percent of nosocomial UTI’s.

When a person contracts a UTI, drugs are usually the first thing taken to try to get rid of the UTI. But, in recent studies, e.coli’s resistance to common UTI drugs is rising. Veronique Greenwood conducted a study in 2012 that showed the rise in drug resistance of e.coli bacterias. The study showed a 14% increase in resistance in the drug ciprofloxacin, a 6% increase in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the two most prescribed drugs. As the e.coli becomes resistant to these drugs, large problems can arise for many people. For instance, when the drugs become fully ineffective, a large population of people can become sick from the e.coli bacteria, or become harmed from the toxic drugs doctors would have moved onto. Also, is the bacteria is left untreated, the infection can spread from the urinary tract to the bladder and eventually to the kidneys causing kidney failure. In brief, whether contracted from a fecal incident, or unsanitized food, e.coli can be extremely dangerous and can result in a sickness or

Fluids and electrolytes are vital to human life. The concept of grasping how they play a great role within the human body is complex and delicate; however, it is also essential in determining what fluid does what and how exactly it effects the cells of the human body. As Trakalo (2015) states, “water serves as a medium for metabolic reactions within cells; transports nutrients, waste products, and other substances; acts as a lubricant; an insulator and shock absorber; and regulates body temperature” (p.336). In this essay, the discussion will entail the major fluid compartments of the body, the percentage of fluids contained in each compartment, active and passive transport, osmosis and diffusion, filtration, hydrostatic and oncotic/osmotic pressure, a description of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic fluids, the effects of fluid administration and the classification of all major IV fluids and blood product tonicity.

The following case is about a 53-year-old premenopausal female patient who presented to the primary care office with recurrent positive urinalysis and urine culture without symptoms or signs suggesting urinary tract infection (UTI). She was given two courses of antibiotics in two months based on the urine test results in a primary care office. She was not satisfied with the treatment plans and came to the office for the second

For example; for leukocyte esterase levels, nitrite levels, microscopic evaluation, and culture of urine is an important component in most cases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are typically used. There are two main categories of bacterial urethritis: gonorrheal and nongonococcal. Gonorrheal urethritis is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is associated with gonorrhea, a common STI. The term nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) refers to inflammation of the urethra that is unrelated to N. gonorrhoeae. In women, NGU is often asymptomatic. In men, NGU is typically a mild disease, but can lead to purulent discharge and dysuria. Because the symptoms are often mild or nonexistent, most infected individuals do not know that they are infected, yet they are carriers of the disease. Asymptomatic patients also have no reason to seek treatment, and although not common, untreated NGU can spread to the reproductive organs, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis in women and epididymitis and prostatitis in men. Important bacterial pathogens that cause nongonococcal urethritis include Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis. (Lumen Microbiology)

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that can involve any part of the urinary system, including

There are various defects associated with the kidney, which render it defective for its normal functioning. The main functions of these organs include regulating the pH of the body, osmoregulation, and production of hormones, regulating ion concentration and excretion of toxic substances among others. Once any part of the kidney is defective, these functions cannot be carried out as usual. As such, there is an urgency for a patient to seek medical advice as these functions are very crucial for the body to function properly. One of the major defects associated with kidney includes pyelonephritis. To understand this illness better, we will consider the case of Ms. Cornwall.

Irony of situation: the Lilliputians think they can control Gulliver despite his evident superior physical power by keeping him tied up and confiscating his goods even though he could easily destroy them; Gulliver urinates on the Empress’s Palace which is an offence for the Lilliputians, a symbol of their insignificance.

A urinary tract infection may be classified as cystitis or pyelonephritis depending on the location of infection. Cystitis is the most common form of urinary tract infection, is located in the lower urinary tract, affecting the bladder and urethra. On the other hand, pyelonephritis, or kidney infection, is not as common, and is located in the upper urinary tract, affecting the kidney and ureter. The most typical symptoms of cystitis include urgency for urination, frequency of urination, dysuria (painful urination), and suprapubic pain or tenderness. Pyelonephritis on the other hand has more systemic symptoms, such as fever, nausea and vomiting, chills, malaise, as well as flank pain and tenderness at the costovertebral angle (CVA).

Urosepsis is known to be caused by the invasion of the body’s defense mechanism due to an infection. This results in the infectious organisms’ infection and multiplying in the blood. It begins with an infection of the urinary tract or obstruction of the urine. A UTI is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by stomach or intestinal microbia. Leading cause of sepsis is gram-positive bacterial sepsis, however other causes include gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. If a gram-positive bacteria is the cause of the infection it will release exotoxins such as peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acids, superantigens within the body’s defense system. This in turn will trigger a release of proinflammatory cytokines which activate the complement system, coagulation system, kinin system, neutrophils, endothelial and monocyte-macrophage cell activity. These systems and cell activity release anti-inflammatory cytokines such as LPS binding protein, IL-1 or IL-10 receptor antagonist, nitric oxide and other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-inflammatory cytokines cause endothelial cell dysfunction leading to cell adhesion, tissue hypoxia, apoptosis, impaired vascular tone, microvascular thrombus, capillary leak and free radical damage. The combination of these dysfunctions will result in multiple organ dysfunction. Multiple organ dysfunction is recognized by altered mental status, hypotension tachycardia, p/f ratio less than 300 tachypnea, urine secretion less than 0.5

In Bowlby’s formulation of attachment theory, he presented a very specific set of propositions regarding the way in which early experiences contribute to an understanding of both normal and psychopathological development (Sroufe, Carlson, Levy & Egeland, 1999; Blatt & Levy, 2003). At the core of his theory is the conceptualisation of attachment as a pattern of organised behaviour within a relationship, rather than a trait that infants have in differing quantities (Egeland & Carlson, 2004; Sroufe, Carlson, Levy & Egeland, 1999). Early experiences of the way in which behaviour is organised in the parent-child or primary caregiver-child relationship are significant and have long-lasting effects that are persistent across the lifespan and are among