We consider data from a clinical trial, with two treatments and two measurement times as analyzed by \cite{matt}. There are 422 subjects in this trial, but not all completed it i.e there is dropout. The data are real but not public. The trial was randomized and observations were taken pre-randomization and at two times post-randomization: in this work we consider only the post-randomization observations. For confidentiality reasons, \cite{matt} scaled all observed responses by the mean and standard deviation of the responses at time 1 and we will refer simply to treatment and response without describing what they are. There are no covariates other than treatment type and time. Without treatment by time interaction the parameter vector is $(\beta_1,\beta_2,\beta_3,\beta_4)$. All 422 subjects provided a response at time 1, but 24.4\% dropped at time 2. Of 212 subjects receiving Treatment A, only 126 provided a response at time 2 and the other 86 dropped out which is equivalent to 40.57\% missing. We have no information …show more content…
each average is over those patients who have not yet dropped out. All three groups have a decreasing mean response, perhaps at a slower rate towards the third time point. The overall reduction in mean response within each treatment group is very roughly from between 90 and 95 to around 70 and 75. This appears close to the criterion for clinical improvement, which was stated in advance of the trial, to be a reduction of 20\% in the mean PANSS scores. The decrease in group 2 was smaller overall. However, at each timepoint these observed means are, necessarily, calculated only from those subjects who have not yet dropped out. Figure \ref{fig:fig4} in the right side, shows the behavior of complete cases: large differences between groups are evident, with the highest decrease in the groups 1 and 3 and the lowest in the group
reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. This essay aims to conglomerate the current understanding of memory reconsolidation, furthermore addressing the resonance upon clinical psychology. Neuroscience widely recognised that memories undertake the process of consolidation (Nader & Einarsson, 2010). When memories are nascent, they are prone to interference and are considered ‘labile’. However, through the ensuing process of protein synthesis, they later become stabilised
The Theory of Reconsolidation - What is it and how can it impact on our lives? Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson & Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of creatine biosynthesis. The conditions of the disorder was first described in 1994 by Stockler et al. In this essay, the clinical and biochemical characteristics of GAMT deficiency will be described. The therapeutic strategies employed for treatment of this disorder will also be touched on, as well as its comparison with L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency) Creatine is a guanidino compound
It has been agreed in the literature that memories can generally be defined in terms of time (Nader, Schafe & LeDoux, 2000). Memory is sensitive to disruption soon after learning as it is in a labile state of short-term memory (STM). Conversely, memory enters a stable form and is less sensitive to such disruptions in long-term memory (LTM) at a later stage after learning (Nader et al.). Research has argued that the process in which labile new memories transform into stable long-lasting memories is
TRM6002 Essay 2 – Drug Development State what the target for the drug imatinib is, and why that target was a good choice for a drug discovery project. Summary/Abstract: Until the 1990’s, drug discovery relied on forward pharmacology where trial and error produced medications that were usually involved in changing DNA synthesis and/or cell division. These medications were efficacious, but had issues with systemic toxicities due to their non-selectivity of diseased cells or disease causing proteins
and help control and reduce their anxiety (DiMaurio, 2014). This essay will discuss the efficacy of group exposure therapy when administered to patients with PTSD, specifically OIF and OEF veterans and service members. The outcome in successful studies will result in a decrease in PTSD symptoms. The applicability of the results and implementation of the treatment in alternate settings will also be discussed. Literature Synthesis Participants & Methodology Two studies analyzed the efficacy of group-
School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions
Introduction: In this essay, I will discuss several issues that seem to bind nursing practice with questions of ethics, sociology and management. Reflective practice is an important aspect of nursing management and in this essay we discuss implications of discrimination in nursing care and examine the importance of anti-discriminatory perspectives in nursing. In this paper, the case study I will elaborate is of an elderly woman who was of a non-British ethnic origin and spoke little English. A junior
According to Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys excrete waste from plasma in the blood. Secondly, they maintain extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys play a role in hormone synthesis. There are many diseases that might infect the kidneys and affect their
Case Summary Mrs. T is a 37 year old NZ European female who presented to her GP with persistent fatigue. She had difficulty getting up in the morning, poor concentration in her daily activities due to tiredness and occasional episodes of dizziness. She also felt she had increased cold intolerance. On further history taking, she noticed increased menstrual heaviness and increased dysmenorrhea after she had her first child 4 years ago, which was delivered via cesarean section. Her periods were regular
reduces all to its core basis, one finds that al revolves around the patient and around attempts as to how to make the patient's life easier and better. To that end, therefore, the common element can be reduced to care of and adherence to patient. This essay will evaluate four nursing theories and demonstrate how care of patient is a common, and reducible, element of all. Theories will be approached in terms of their concept statements, metaparadigms, philosophies, and conceptual models. And concept definitions
Essay 101: Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a widespread disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, sometimes termed a hemoglobinopathy. As with other hemoglobinopathies, SCA is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning a person must have two defective genes present for the full blown disease to occur. People who carry a single sickle cell gene are said to have sickle cell trait. The children of two carriers have a 25% chance of inheriting SCA. Epidemiology In the U.S., SCA occurs most
blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis. Renal Failure The renal
knowledge from scientific research.. Moreover, it is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare but covers all aspects of the generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery and synthesis of data, information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Advances in Health informatics and
Since the year 1965, the term probiotics has been used. Lilly and Stillwell were the first to describe probiotics as substances secreted by one organism, which stimulated growth of other organisms (Gupta, 2009). It was however, Elie Metchnikoff in the 1900s who first suggested that there were health properties in lactic acid bacteria from fermented food products (Anukam, 2007). Since then, the meaning has undergone some changes, one of the most recent definitions is that probiotics are beneficial