Chapter 9 Of Beyond Sovereignty Chapter 1 Analysis

There are two main ideas covered in the first chapter. The first is that the idea of a free and open internet, while containing some merit at first, is going away quickly, with governments rapidly finding ways to exert control over the use of cyberspace both in their borders and out. The second main idea is that cyberwarfare and computers present new angles of conflict from conventional weaponry such as the intended targets, method of implementation, potential impacts, and level of damage caused. The author draws on multiple examples from different countries and time periods to support his main

Hypothesis: The United State’s foreign policy will make a shift in the coming years to focus more intently on suppressing individual groups that use terrorism as a political strategy, rather than focusing on specific and identifiable States as in the past. The organizations mentioned before will be using the Internet to coordinate attacks, as well as attempt to hack US Government systems to their advantage. As a result, cyber security and antiterrorism stand to be the biggest future challenges for American foreign policy.

The Sovereignty Solution is the book of choice that was evaluated. This book presents to the readers a radical way to deal with strategy – a persuasive, credible and clear contention recommending a basic and significant move in the way Americans characterize their nation 's strategy. The authors perceive that despite their considerations and recommendations are not the truly the ultimate solution, they may in any event awaken some truly needed debate relating to the issue. All through the content, the authors construct their case for the radical move in procedure in a terse and reasonable form. In the book The Sovereignty Solution by Simons, McGraw and Lauchengco, the fundamental subject is that American individuals need to distinguish what truly makes them American, and as Americans, they need to perceive their qualities and embrace them. The authors offer accentuation to the requirement for America to go against new policy when managing different nations: respect the sovereignty of the United States and the United States will respect yours.

Abstract: Everyday security is provided by the states and federal government. These tasks get more difficult as new technology introduces itself. Cybersecurity is one of the most popular security sectors in today’s world. There is not only cyberbullying going on in the world. Terrorism can be planned and sent from person to person over the internet. People’s identities are being stole to help carry out these terrorist acts and this is just the being of it. The United States created the Department of Homeland Security as a result of the 9/11 attacks. This was an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks on our nation. Along with that department, laws have been enacted, such as the USA PATRIOT Act. This law was introduced and passed to provide Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies with better resources to fight and stand up against terrorism. The way to successfully providing security against domestic and international terrorists is to understand the mentality of a terrorist. Critical assessments, more efficient alert systems, and physical security standards must improve in order to solidify our current security posture if the United States wants to deter future terrorist attacks against its culture and economy.

Tomorrow’s terrorist may be able to do more damage with a keyboard than with a bomb (National Research Council1). The United States Department of States defined terrorism as: “…premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.” Terrorism not only occurs on the real life today but also on the internet. As the technology rapidly developed, there is an increase in the usage of internet, the threat comes along the way. Due to the occurrence of internet terrorism-generating fears to the public, the term “Cyberterrorism” was coined by Barry Collin in the 1980’s (Cyberterrorism Defined). The definition of cyberterrorism differs from various legal systems and government

†As †the internet growsn it will offer terrorists a way to control the spread of their propaganda, They are able to recruit supporters, They can learn how to build improvised explosive devices (IED), and to solicit people for financial contributions to help go towards their cause. One of the most common threats that transnational groups poses is cyber crimes. If they are able to access importannt and high security systems they may be able to control military installations, power plants, rail & air traffic control centers, banks and telecommunication networks. † Other targets include police, medical, fire and rescue systems, and water systems.(The white

When I think of the word terrorism, the first thing that pops into my mind is 9/11. A day I will never forget, as I am sure countless other Americans will not as well. I never took the time to truly think about a terrorist, what they are thinking, what their motives are, or whom they are trying to hurt or even why they are terrorist. In doing this research, I have acquired knowledge about not only the ‘traditional’ terrorist but also the cyberterrorist. In some ways these criminals are similar, and the reasons behinds their actions sometimes overlap, yet they also are different. Although some people, including myself, could get the two of them confused, they are not the same.

“These incidents indicate that the Internet is being used as a “cyberplanning” tool for terrorists. It provides terrorists with anonymity, command and control resources, and a host of other measures to coordinate and integrate attack options” (Thomas, 2003). Thomas defines cyberplanning as a digital coordination of an integrated plan stretching across geographical boundaries that may or may not result in bloodshed. It provides terrorists with anonymity, command and control resources, and a host of other measures to coordinate and integrate attack options (Thomas, 2003). It is clear that through the many websites found by the government, that al Qaeda intent is to cause

Adam Segal’s “The Hacked World Order” reveals many prevalent issues in today’s technologically centered society. Starting at Year Zero, June 2012 to June 2013, the battle over cyberspace witnessed world-changing cyberattacks. This was accomplished due to the fact that nearly 75% of the world’s population has easy access to a mobile phone, and the Internet connects nearly 40% of the total human population, which is nearly 2.7 billion people. With that being said, cyberattacks are becoming a more realistic form of terror.

Cyberterrorism is the utilization of PC system instruments to hurt or close down basic national bases, e.g. transportation and government operations. The reason of cyberterrorism is that as countries and basic base turned out to be more subject to PC systems for their operation, new vulnerabilities are made. Cyberterrorism is an alluring alternative for cutting edge terrorists, who esteem its secrecy, its capability to exact gigantic harm, its mental effect, and its media offer. The risk postured by cyberterrorism has gotten the consideration of the broad communications, the security group, and the data innovation (IT) industry. Columnists, lawmakers, and specialists in an assortment of fields have promoted a situation in which complex digital terrorists electronically break into PCs that control dams or aviation authority frameworks, wreaking devastation and jeopardizing a large number of lives as well as national security itself. But, in spite of all the bleak forecasts of a digital produced doomsday, no single occurrence of genuine cyberterrorism has been recorded (Verton 129).

Since the mid 1980’s, the internet has proven to be an extremely effective means of communication, with its ability to reach an ever increasing audience worldwide. The development of sophisticated technologies has created a network with a largely global reach and relatively almost no barriers of entry. The internet, quite simply, has made our lives easier. It provides us with the ability to share and receive vast amounts information at the click of a button, get our shopping done online and delivered to your doorstep, or even getting our banking done without ever leaving the house. The benefits of the internet are seemingly endless. However, in recent years, terrorist organisations have began to exploit this technology for the purposes of

Cyber terrorists exist today. The Osama bin Laden Crew (OLB Crew) is a group of self-proclaimed cyber jihadists. This group is reported to have been founded in 2000 by Abdullah Quraischi, an al Qaeda member living in Europe. The group’s activities have consisted of the creation of dozens of Web sites and forums that provide information on gun making, explosives manuals, as well as large-scale recruitment promotions and propaganda (AntiTerrorism Coalition, 2005). Remember, the overarching concept about cyber terrorism emerges where terrorism meets cyberspace. As previously stated, this takes the form of facilitating the underlying communications and control infrastructure of terrorist organizations, and also includes the dissemination of a group’s activities, as well as the facilitation of knowledge exchange. But this is only the beginning in understanding what a cyber terrorist does (i.e., reported and unreported), and may yet still do.

Cyberterrorism is also clearly an emerging threat. Terrorist groups are increasingly computer savvy, and some probably are acquiring the ability to use cyber attacks to inflict isolated and brief disruptions of US infrastructure. Due to the prevalence of publicly available hacker tools, many of these groups probably already have the capability to launch denial-of-service and other nuisance attacks against Internet-connected systems. As terrorists become more computer savvy, their attack options will only increase.” (War on Terrorism, 2003)

In recent years, topics related to cybersecurity, cyberwarfare, and international law have been covered extensively within the apparatuses of both foreign and domestic policy. As of now, different scholarly experts and policy makers recommend various – often conflicting strategies – for implementing a universal policy that benefits transnationally. Because cybersecurity is the newest and most unique national security issue of the twenty-first century, one highly recommended approach – which forms the bases of many popular policies – is to require states to adopt a universal cyber warfare doctrine. Yet, subject matter experts disagree on the effectiveness of this approach by mendicating the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. In my research, I will explore the claims made by proponents of scholars. My primary research question is: How should international law deal with the uncertainties arising from the rise of irregular forms of warfare? For example, over the past several decades advances in technology have altered communications and the ability to collect, disseminate, and employ information in a range of environments. Such examples are: contemporary governments and societal groups - along with their corresponding militaries that routinely take advantage of shared information throughout the internet, and also both military and political operations – that have progressively intersected. And last but not least, is how policy groups are seen as

The rapid merging of telecommunications and digital infrastructure is extremely beneficial to limit human error, collect data, and create a more interdependent world. However, this merge also poses threats on computers, servers, and even machinery. The influx of hackers and keyloggers are taking advantage of our increasingly interdependent world can steal information. Even countries are using the cyber domain as a separate battlefield to fulfill their missions and acquire information. Cyberwar is relatively a new term to describe: an Internet-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. But the definition is constantly evolving with time and the more knowledge the public acquires about