Cellular Respiration Research Paper

Cellular respiration is the chemical process in which organic molecules, such as sugars, are broken down in the cell to produce utilizable energy in the form of ATP. ATP is the chemical used by all of the energy-consuming metabolic activities of the cell. In order to extract energy from these organic molecules, cellular respiration involves a network of metabolic pathways dedicated to this task.

To be able to carry on metabolic processes in the cell, cells need energy. The cells can obtain their energy in different ways but the most efficient way of harvesting stored food in the cell is through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway, which breaks down large molecules to smaller molecules, produces an energy rich molecule known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and a waste product that is released as CO2.

Organisms are complex and use energy to function, grow, and reproduce. Organisms get this energy from photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harness sunlight to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water1. Photosynthesis provides glucose for cellular respiration. Glucose is the reactant for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration has complex stages, where the glucose molecule is slowly broken down. The formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇢ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

Cellular respiration is creating ATP from ADP and a phosphate inorganic using the energy which was released from breaking apart glucose. The equation that summarizes this process is (ADP + Pi) + C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat + (ATP). ATP is made up of a sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups, and adenine. ATP is the energy used to complete processes in the body. ATP also has a very high potential energy because of its phosphate groups. Potential energy has to do with energy due to location. For example, a person on a diving board has a higher potential energy than a person already in the water. This is because the girl on the diving board has more potential to fall or convert the potential energy into kinetic energy by using her location to power her fall. The ATP has higher potential energy because its phosphate groups have oxygen ions. The negatively charged oxygen ions repel each other and do not want to be near to one another. Because of this, if the third phosphate group was to break off of the ATP molecule, an amount of energy would be released, lowering the potential energy. This is why ATP has such a high energy and is used for so many processes. The ATP would become ADP with a phosphate group becoming inorganic and would release energy.

Cellular respiration and effects of pollutants and carbohydrates on its rate is determined . its purpose is to determine the importance of cellular respiration on the process of life. Respiration is process that take place in cell to convert the biochemical energy to ATP.

The purpose of cellular respiration is to harvest the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules, or glucose sugar to use and perform work. The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert sunlight energy to energy stored in the bonds of food molecules, or glucose. Cellular respiration occurs in within cellular mitochondria and cytosol, while photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts. The overall process of cellular respiration requires glucose and oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water, with a net energy gain of approximately 30 ATP per each glucose molecule. Photosynthesis is nearly the opposite, requiring carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight energy to create oxygen and glucose. While very opposite, both of these processes share

This occurs as glucose is phosphorylated, a reaction catalyzed by hexokinase, during the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced, and is rearranged, converting it into fructose - 6 - phosphate. It is at this stage where the metabolic pathway converting fructose into pyruvate begins . Fructose-6-phosphate binds to hexokinase, or phosphofructokinase to be phosphorylated by another ATP molecule, resulting in fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate. The aldolase enzyme functions to cleave the fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

All living organisms need the energy to perform the basic life functions. Cells use a process called cellular respiration to obtain the energy needed. In cellular respiration, cells convert energy molecules like starch or glucose into a cellular energy called Adenosine triphosphate(ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration which include: Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, cells will break down glucose to release a maximum amount of ATP this takes place in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic also produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products and it takes place in the mitochondria. on the other hand, anaerobic respiration, a metabolic process, also produces energy and uses glucose, but it releases less energy and does not require the

It refers to the process of harvesting chemical energy (ATP) from organic molecules (food) into a form immediately usable by organisms. This process is happening all the time in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. The following equation is used during cellular respiration:

This creates 4 ATP and 2 NADH. Overall glycolysis produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP in the process for a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation where a phosphate is transferred from a molecule to ADP producing ATP. In next step pyruvate is put into the Krebs cycle in mitochondria where pyruvate is first converted to Acetyl CoA and produce 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per glucose molecule. During this reaction, 6 CO2 are released as the end product.

The energy that does get released gets stored in NADH+H+. The next part of the reaction chain is when the five-carbon alpha-k molecule gets oxidized into a four-carbon molecule called succinate. Here again, carbon dioxide is released, some energy is preserved with the combination of CoA and succinate, and some of the oxidation energy is stored in NADH+H+ again. The energy that is in the succinyl CoA is then removed and used to make GTP from GDP and Pi. This is an example of phosphorylation on the substrate level. Next, ADP is used to make ATP by using GTP. More free energy gets released when the succinyl CoA gets oxidized to yield fumarate. During this, two more hydrogens are moved to an enzyme that has the carrier FAD. One more NAD+ reduction occurs and makes oxaloacetate from malate. Water is added, which makes an OH- group, and the hydrogen from the group gets taken off in the next step to make NAD+ reduce to NADH+H+. Water is used here, and in turn provides lots f energy because of its abundance. The finishing product that we have is oxaloacetate, however, this process has

Every living thing needs cellular respiration to survive. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process happens through three distinct operations which are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Throughout these cycles, our bodies turn oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Although this system seems simple enough, cellular respiration can not take place in just one step because all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, most of it being lost in the form of light and heat. All this plays a very important role in our lives and without it, organisms would cease to exist.

carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water. ATP and Respiration: Cellular respiration is how we derive energy from the food we eat (from glucose) ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate, our cells need ATP to grow and move. ATP is made of adenine, ribose (sugar) and 3 phosphate groups.

Furthermore, this article relates to our discussion in class relating back to ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. It is important to know that cellular respiration is how we derive energy from the food we eat, specifically from glucose. Now, to turn glucose into energy, six molecules of oxygen must be added to it. Then your body converts that energy into ATP, which is stored energy. To be able to use your energy, our cells need energy to be transferred into ATP to be able to grow, move and even learn new things. ADP is what causes energy to be