Photosynthesis Lab Report

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants consumed inorganic materials like solar light, carbon dioxide and water and converted it to an organic molecule like sugar and an inorganic gas like oxygen. Light is one of the major elements influencing the rate of photosynthesis; direct light concentration affects the noncyclic pathway (light

Next, the Acety CoA goes through the Krebs cycle twice so that each Acetly CoA could be broken down to CO2, 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The NADH and FAD2 then moved through the cristae of the mitochondria for the electron tranport chain, where the electons passed htrough the membrane proteins and H+ are pumped into the intermembrane space. This create a concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space and the elctron is passed to the oxygen creating water as a product at the end of the electron tranport chain to allow more electrons to pass through and continue the cyle so it does not cease to function. For chemioosmosis, H+ diffuse from high to low concentration through the ATP synthase, an enzyme, and creates ATP by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The completetion of the electron transport chain and chemiososmosis creates 34-38 ATP.

The first step in Cellular Respiration is Glycolysis. In Glycolysis a six carbon sugar undergoes stages of chemical transformations. In the end it is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three carbon organic molecule. In those reactions, ATP is made, and NAD is converted to NADH. The next step in Cellular Respiration is pyruvate oxidation. Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial mix ( The innermost compartment of mitochondria. ) It is

The first stage of cellular respiration begins with the glycolysis, meaning the breakage of a molecule of glucose (sugar) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (Simon, 2016). The beginning of this stages starts with a six carbon of sugar molecule that uses invested energy from ATP molecules, which separates the sugar molecules into two groups of three sugar molecules. After the separation, each sugar carbon molecule starts to transfer electrons boost with energy to the NADH. The NADH is responsible for transferring the electrons alongside hydrogen from one area of the cell to the next through the electron chain (Simon, 2016). In the glycolysis stage, ATP molecules are multiplied into four molecules in order to have two ATP molecules for each carbon of sugar. Once broken down once more, the remaining molecules in the glycolysis are a set of pyruvic acid molecules. The pyruvic molecules are responsible for holding a fraction of sugar and energy that is carried throughout the

Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in the bonds of organic molecules. Directly and indirectly, photosynthesis provides all the energy used by living organisms. As a result of photosynthesis, carbon becomes fixed and oxygen gas and water are released as a byproduct. The molecules that absorb light energy are pigments which include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Plants only synthesize chlorophylls in the presence of light, so growing plants in the dark inhibits chlorophyl synthesis.

The two carbon molecule bonds four carbon molecule called oxaloacete forming a carbon molecule knew as citrate. The second step reaction is classified as oxidation/reductions reactions. This process is formed by two molecule of CO2 and one molecule of ATP. The cycle electrons reduce NAD and FAD, which join the H+ ions to form NADH and FADH2, this result to an extra NADH being formed during the transition. In the mitochondrion, four molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are produced for each molecule of pyruvate, two molecules of pyruyate enter the matrix for each molecule of oxidized glucose, as a result of these eight molecules of NADH+ two molecules are produced. Six molecules of NADH+, molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP synthesize itself in Krebs cycle. As a result, no oxygen is used in the described reactions. During chimiosmosis, oxygen only plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation. The next step is the electron transport; the electrons are stored on NADH and FADH2 and are used to produce ATP. Electron transport chain is essential to make most ATP produced in cellular respiration. The NADH and FAD2 from the Krebs cycle drop their electrons at the beginning of the transport chain. When the electrons move along the electron transport chain, it gives power to pump the hydrogen along the membrane from the matrix into the intermediate space. This process forms a gradient concentration forcing the hydrogen through ATP syntheses attaching

Photosynthesis is defined as a process in which oxygen and glucose are produced from a reaction with the following: carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy, such as sunlight. This process occurs in plant cells in their chloroplasts. Within those chloroplasts are small sacs known as thylakoids. These are located in the stroma of the cell, which is composed of a thick fluid (Urry et al. 2013). The thylakoid membrane is the location of energy absorption.

Photosynthesis is one of the most prime biological reactions, where photoautotrophs such as plants, photosynthetic prokaryotes and algae convert light energy into chemical potential energy, which is utilized by themselves, as well as other living cells (Halliwell 1984). There are two sets of reactions involved: the light- dependent reactions and the light- independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Light energy is needed to be absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments in order for photosynthesis to take place. During photosynthesis, electrons are excited to a higher energy level and are passed through a chain of electron carriers (ETC). This process releases enough energy to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi.

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

The process of photosynthesis is a convoluted one; which relies on the carbon dioxide, water, and the sun’s light energy. The first stage of photosynthesis, is known as the light-dependent reaction. This occurs in the thylakoid membrane as the light photons are captured and excited electrons are bounced around inside the thylakoid compartment until it is captured in the photosystem. The electrons are then sent through an electron transfer chain to the next photosystem. In order to replace lost electrons, photosystem II pulls more electrons off water molecules. This reaction produces hydrogen ions along with oxygen. The hydrogen ions are propelled through ATP synthases to attach to ADP, therefore ATP forms. The next photosystem absorbs the electrons that go through the first electron transfer chain, and it also absorbs light energy to create another electron transfer chain. At the end of this chain, a coenzyme NADP+ accepts the electron along with a hydrogen ion, which creates NADPH.

In aerobic respiration, glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules known as pyruvates in the first stage called glycolysis as alluded to earlier. Both of these products lose one carbon as carbon dioxide, and “[attaches] to coenzyme A, forming a new molecule called acetyl CoA” (Upadhyaya, 2015). Acetyl CoA is then inserted into what is known as the citric acid cycle. This eight-step cycle features the synthesis, degradation, and regeneration of citrate while releasing carbon dioxide and reducing electron carriers NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2 (Reece, 2013). The reduced (term for a molecule that has gained at least one electron) carriers proceed to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the electrons are transferred over to the first of four systematic proteins that make up the electron transport chain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs (Reece, 2013). ‘Pulled’ by the electronegative oxygen at the end of the chain, the electrons navigate through the chain, creating an environment that enables protons to travel across the membrane (Reece, 2013). This proton-motive force, or high concentration of hydrogen ions, eventually diffuses back through the membrane through its only route: ATP synthase; it is this protein that generates ATP via phosphorylation (Reece, 2013).

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it is a useable form of energy for cells, the energy is trapped in a chemical bond that is released and it is used to dive other reactions that need energy. Photosynthetic organisms use the sunlight to get energy in order to synthesize their own fuel. Chemical energy is then made by converting the sunlight in order to compel the synthesise of the carbohydrates from the carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is then released when the carbohydrate is synthesized. Photosynthesis is on two parts, first there is the light reactions in where the light is converted into chemical energy which is the ATP, and then this is stacked in the chloroplasts membranes in where the ATP and the electron carrier are used in the second part. The second part of the process is called light-independent and it occurs in the chloroplasts in the stroma, the carbon dioxide produces sugar in a series of reaction called the Calvin cycle.

The electron acceptor of the light reactions, NADP+, is a relation to NAD ', which functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration. The two molecules differ only by the presence of an extra phosphate group in the NADP+ molecule. Light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with a hydrogen nucleus. The light reactions then generate ATP by powering the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called photophosphorylation. Therefore, light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of two compounds which are NADPH, a source of energized electrons, and ATP, the useful energy currency of the light reactions produce no sugar which occurs in the second stage of photosynthesis, which is called the Calvin cycle.

     To metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments is used to drive a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to and acceptor called NADP , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton. The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process. The light reaction also generates ADP, a process called photophosphorylation. ATP is a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. The light reaction produces no carbohydrates such as sugars.