Cardiovascular Respiratory System

Cardiac output adapts throughout a training program. The "American Council on Exercise's Personal Trainer Manual" lists exercise adaptations as increased ventricle size, decreased exercise heart rate and increased stroke volume. Therefore, your heart can maintain a high cardiac output with less effort. Most improvement to cardiac output is contributed to increased stroke volume. Positive adaptations occur in as little as three months of aerobic training.

Heart rate anticipatory response – this is where the heart rate starts to automatically increase before you start to exercise. The heart rate is able to increase automatically by chemical hormones, the hormones are adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones are found inside the brain. The reason the heart rate increase before exercise is because it prepares the muscles for exercise, the reason it prepares the muscles for exercise is because by the heart rate increase the more oxygen is getting to the muscles there fore they will not be needing a such a large oxygen supply all at once. It doesn’t only supply oxygen it supply’s nutrients, the supply of nutrients also provides energy and helps to repair the muscles after exercise. By the heart rate starting to increase gives the heart a head to start pumping hard this enables the heart to not have as much stress on it.

Exercise increases heart rate by a process of sympathetic autonomic stimulation. Sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves increase the excitability of the sino-atrial node and reduce the P-R interval .As exercise continues, the physiological changes in the body are continuously monitored by a number of physiological systems and the balance of activity of the sympathetic system (speeding up) and the parasympathetic system (slowing down) is constantly adjusted. When exercise is over, the heart rate does not drop immediately as the body has to undergo a period of re adaption to return to the resting state.

The cardiovascular response is triggered by excessive exercise within a short-term anaerobic exercise (such as running for 30 minutes). This initial response starts with the release of adrenaline that causes an increase in heart rate, meaning an increase in cardiac output. This activity

In addition a small rise in breathing rate and this is called anticipatory rise, this happens when exercising. The average reading for breaths per minute during exercise is 23-30. This shows that with more blood pumping through the body more oxygen is needed to keep the body at a sustainable rate to help our body create more energy. Our breathing rate will keep increasing until

Exercise affects these systems, causing the heart to pump blood faster around the body, which in turn allows you to exercise for longer. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/0_ anatomy_circulatorysys_rev1.shtml The four main parts of the cardiovascular system is the heart, the veins, capillaries and the arteries.

The effects of heart rate on differing durations of exercise were studied in this experiment. For people, heart rate tends to increase as they perform physical exercises. The amount of beats per minute gradually increases as people perform physical activities. Heart rates taken before exercise are relatively low, and heart rates taken one minute after exercise increase significantly. Heart rates slowly begin to decrease after they are taken two minutes and three minutes after performing the step test, which is to be expected. The rates of intensity throughout exercise relates with changes in heart rate throughout the step test performed in the experiment (Karvonen 2012). The age of the participants affected the experiment, since the heart rate during physical exercise, in this case the step test, is affected by age (Tulppo 1998).

Method and results - The study was compiled of seven female students from the University of Huddersfield. For the exercise a step was used, a polar heart rate monitor was used for each participant with an independent assessor timing the participants, and recording the readings. Results of the study showed there was an increase in heart rate when performing mild exercise.

The two most significant to the coexistence of both systems being the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. The pulmonary artery carries the blood lacking in oxygen into the lungs (Bailey). From there, the oxygen from the air sacs goes into the blood vessel, while the carbon dioxide comes out (How Does Oxygen Get Into the Bloodstream) . Upon this moment, the organism exhales releasing the carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the now oxygenated blood travels throughout the body, which especially important for the muscles. Oxygen is required for the muscles to preform any sort of strenuous activity. Faster paced breathing and an elevated heart rate aren’t random symptoms of a good work out. The blood must quickly transfer oxygen to the muscles. This is so that the muscles have the ability to create adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) which carries

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.

As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood.

The literature on the effects of exercise of cardiac output maintains the idea that exercise should affect cardiac output- pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, QRS-pulse lag, P-T and T-P intervals, because of increased heart rate. For our experiment, we tested this theory by measuring our cardiac output before and after some rigorous exercise. We measured the individual cardiac output and then combined the data to compose a class-wide data average. We compared the results of the experiment to what we expected, which was that exercise does affect our heart. Our data from this experiment supported the notion that exercise does, in fact, change cardiac output.

Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate Aim: To see what happens to the pulse rate during exercise. Prediction: I predict that the pulse rate will increase in order to take more oxygen for respiration. The heartbeat will increase and become stronger to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the muscle cells. The breathing rate will increase in order to get rid of the extra waste such as Carbon dioxide. Respiration is the release of energy.

I predict that during exercise the heart and respiratory rate (RR) will increase depending on the intensity of exercise and the resting rates will be restored soon after exercise has stopped. I believe that the changes are caused by the increased need for oxygen and energy in muscles as they have to contract faster during exercise. When the exercise is finished the heart and ventilation rates will gradually decrease back to the resting rates as the muscles’ need for oxygen and energy will be smaller than during exercise.

The heart rate is a measurement of how many times the heart beats in a minute. Physically fit people tend to have a lower heart rate and during intense exercise tend to have lower rates as well. A decrease of heart rate at both rest and at fixed intensity of sub-maximal exercise [7] occurs a few months after an exercise program is begun. One’s heart rate reflects the amount of work the heart must do to meet an increase of demands of the body when engaged in activity. Heart Rate tends to increase proportionally with intensity oxygen uptake [16].