Campylobacter Research Paper

The spread of infection requires three elements. The first is; A source of infecting microorganisms: This could be an exogenous infection which arises from microorganisms external to the individual and do not exist as normal flora. They usually have a preferred portal of entry like the gastrointestinal for Salmonella. Another source is endogenous infections which can occur when part of the client’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results e.g. Yeasts infection. Second requirement is means of transmission for the microorganism, which also explains the three primary modes of pathogen transmission. For example, vertical transmission is when a pathogen is

It is transmitted through people drinking contaminated water that had feces in it from a person who was already infected. Not only that, it can be spread from consuming the crops because of the soil being infected. The human body can also become ill from eating undercooked or raw fish or shellfish that carry V. cholerae (Facts about Vibrio Bacteria). Animals are not infected by this as regular as humans.

Infections can be spread through many things, these include; food borne infection, person to person, water borne infection, airborne infection, insect borne infection and fomites.

Transmission usually occurs as the result of the introduction of E. coli containing feces into the oral cavity of the host. Known as fecal-oral transmission, this type of transmission is primarily responsible for the spread of E. coli from animals to humans. The transmission of E. coli to humans occurs by direct contact, ingestion of water or food contaminated by the spread of manure, or consuming undercooked meat after fecal contamination of the carcasses at the slaughterhouse. For a diagram of the transmission life cycle of E. coli, see Appendix 5. For a comprehensive diagram outlining the various transmission methods, refer to Appendix 6.

The transmission of this infection is known to be passed from one individual to another by the faecal – oral route.

Campylobacter jejuni is a species of bacteria from the genus Campylobacter, and one of the most frequent causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The genome sequence of C. jejuni is 1,641,481bp (Parkhill et al, 2000). C. jejuni is the most common cause of food poisoning. Despite its strong pathogenicity with gastroenteritis (Kim et al, 2015), C. jejuni is rarely life threatening but is linked with the development of Guillain-barre syndrome (Perez-Perez & Blaser, 1996).

     Person to person transmission can occur through poor hygiene habits or by handling human waste. Daycares and nursing homes are at a high risk for person to person transmission because of the high risk of handling infected feces. Family outbreaks are common, as are outbreaks among children at nurseries (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997).

It has been identified the highest numbered of reported cases were in infants and children up to 14 years of age5. The most common of all disease was campylobacteriosis which was approximately 69% of cases being reported, followed by cryptosporidiosis which was approximately 115 of cases being reported, salmonellosis which was approximately 8% of cases, and verotoxin producing E. coli which was about 5% of the cases

. This bacteria can be contracted from both humans and animals because of the different toxins that this bacteria releases. This bacteria can be contracted from food and soil. Eating contaminated

H. pylori is potentially transmitted through the orofecal, oral-oral, or a combination of the two routes of transmission. While the exact method of transmission is uncertain, peer-to-peer interaction is likely the primary means. (Eusebi, 2014) The infection rate trends positively in families and other close groups that practice poor sanitation such as children or infirm adults, particularly in parts of the world with high density, lower class populations. In areas where water is not properly sanitized, waterborne H. pylori may pose a significant risk due to the potential presence of fecal material carrying the microbe. (Kusters, 2006) Foodborne illness is also possible if contaminated food is refrigerated, as H. pylori can withstand cold temperatures for a limited time.

Bifidobacterium bifidum can be transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated foods—i.e. pork, beef, milk products, contact with contaminated feces and poor hygiene, and mother-to-child transmission—i.e. breast feeding and vaginal births.

Salmonella causes illness in humans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that media to which may simply unfold in a very population an example is, outbreaks of illness will occur by contamination of a dish. The illness could also be controlled by antibiotics, drug resistant and hyper virulent strains square measure powerful to fight. Strains at an equivalent time, proof against seven antibiotics exist. Thereafter, understanding the thought of virulence determinants and their response to medication may be a crucial feature of dominant infection. Enteric causes a general typhoid-like an illness in mice. Salmonella, that's answerable for human communicable disease, has restricted host specificity. It cannot be studied in

Generally, it is through contaminated water or drinks. It is passed through fecal matter. For instance, in the event that somebody didn't wash their hands appropriately before serving you food, you could get H Pylori from it. This is a reason why you should be careful of the kind of restaurant you eat in. In addition, try to keep your home clean won’t be breeding intestinal microbes in your living room.

Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative spiral pathogen. Most commonly, it can be found in chicken guts or animal feces due its nature to thrive in environments with reduced levels of oxygen. According to the World Health Organization in 2013, the said bacteria is the leading cause of foodborne diseases in the United States. This is most often times due to the consumption of undercooked poultry, most especially chicken. It is known that an infection called Campylobacteriosis, as well as the dreaded gastroenteritis, can be contracted from being exposed to C. jejuni, and it commonly brings about a range of food poisoning symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and dysentery syndrome.

Common illnesses that can occur are salmonella and trichinosis poisoning resulting from improper handling of chicken, eggs or pork (Jardin, 2009, para.2). Diseases such as: campylobacteriosis, cholera, and listeriosis also make the list of illnesses (Jardin, 2009, para.1). These diseases are the versions of food poisoning, which can be life-threatening. According to the World of Health article published in 2007,