CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition of Calorie
According to Ayoob( 2009), a calorie can be defined as a unit of heat energy that human body use as energy to produce heat. This energy fuels human body for strength in daily activity. In scientific term, there are two types of calories which small calorie and large calorie (Nordqvist, 2013).
A small calorie(symbol:cal) - 1cal is the amount of energy to required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celcius. A large calorie(symbol:Cal,kcal) – 1Cal is the amount of energy required to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celcius.
1 large calorie(1kcal) = 1000 small calories.
Calories can be found in fat, carbohydrate and protein. The main source of calorie comes
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Distance – Longer the distance, more energy is need to used hence more calories will be burned.
2.2.1 Walking vs. Running
Walking is not simply slow running; competitive race walkers can zip by recreational joggers. The difference between the two is not based on pace. At any speed, walkers have one foot on the ground at all times, but runners are entirely airborne during some part of every stride. As the pace increases, the percentage of each stride that is airborne increases; competitive runners have "hang times" of about 45%.*
What goes up must come down. That's why running is a high-impact activity. Each time they land, runners subject their bodies to a stress equal to about three times their body weight. In just one mile, a typical runner's legs will have to absorb more than 100 tons of impact force. It's a testament to the human body that running can be safe and enjoyable.
Walkers have one foot on the ground at all times. Figure 1 below show the walking posture.
Figure 1 Walking Posture
Exercise burns calories. In the case of walking and running, the calories burned depend much more on the distance covered and body weight than on pace. Table 2.1 shows calories burned per mile of walking or jogging on the level for people of varying weights (Komaroff, 2009): People who walked gained significantly less weight than those who
Food provides the energy in the form of calories as well as the materials needed to build and maintain all body cells.
The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,
People who exercise more will have different diets to those who do not exercise. Carbohydrates are very important for athletes as it provides fuel. Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and released when needed during exercise. It is easily broken down to provide energy. The other source of energy is fat, but this cannot be converted into energy as quickly as glycogen.
With that, Charley left the office. Rhonda looked over the list. “Guess I’ll have to brush up on my biochemistry. No problem. I’m interested in knowing if my running would be improved by drinking this stuff.” Rhonda recalled that a food’s calorie content was the simplest reflection of its energy content.
Many people enjoy walking as a recreation. But, did you know the following facts about walking?
The answer to your question is based on what is called metabolism. Metabolism is the amount of calories burned in a typical day and can vary from individual to individual. Many factors can affect why it can change in each person including what they eat, how much they exercise, genetics and even your age.
When most people think about the term ‘calorie’ they are actually talking about what nutritionists call a ‘kilocalorie’. 1 calorie is the amount of energy it takes to heat 1kg of water by 1 °C at sea level. The calorie content of food was first determined in the late 1800s by the chemist Wilbert. O. Atwater. He built a device called a respiration calorimeter, to make direct measurements of heat released by humans, from the food they consumed. At 4ft x 8ft, Atwater’s calorimeter was big enough to step in to it, it measured the amount heat they released, the amount of oxygen they consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide they gave off. Using this device he way able to measure Atwater was able to measure the precise amount of energy contained in thousands of food items. He found that carbohydrate and protein were worth about 4 calories per gram and fats, about 9 calories per gram. This 4-9-4 rule is at the heart of how labels are determined per
Individuals placed under caloric restriction were diabetes-free, which may be attributed to observed improvements in metabolic function (Colman et al., 2010, p.2). Caloric restriction showed an improvement in individuals’ ability to regulate both glucose and insulin (Coleman et al., 2010, p.2). In rhesus monkeys with caloric restrictions, there was a 50% decrease of cancer, specifically neoplasia (Coleman et al., 2010, p.3). There was a reduction by 50%, in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease symptoms such as vulvar endocardiosis, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyopathy in CR monkeys (Coleman et al., 2010, p.3). Caloric restrictions also markedly decreased age-associated brain atrophy in rhesus monkeys (Coleman et al., 2010, p.3). Grey matter in the subcortical
Many people have other reasons why they run. However, running for weight loss is the most common one. Running has been scientifically proven to extremely burn large amounts of calories. Along with other health benefits for example it reduces stress, and boost metabolism.
Since we have been learning about nutrition in class, our task was to record a food log. Nutrition requires a well-balanced diet containing nutrient and vitamins like amino acids and fatty acids. Over the past seven days I have been recording and have been looking very carefully at my intake of nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and fats. In our task, the objective was to record the basic foods we ate during the period of seven, but it did not require recording every single detail or our intake of food. Doing this food log was a pain and it was disturbing because I never wrote about what I ate like breakfast, lunch, dinner, or additional meals. I found this food log useful because it helped me learn what I
Calories on the planet originate as solar energy which is processed by plants and turned into energy. Then animals eat the plants. Then other animals eat the animals.
• energy intake adjustments when the weight goal is reached in order to maintain optimal weight.
Moving from one place to another is a necessity for almost every living organism. Whether it be sliding, walking, jumping, crawling, or flying, movement is bound to happen sometime. Humans like to move from place to place quickly without doing any work. Since running is work, humans generally avoid it if possible. There tends to be some unfavorable expression like a grimace or a sigh accompanying the quote, “I think I have to go running.” Although hated among many people throughout the world, the positive sides of running can be enough to turn the lazy into the hardworking. Running is an excellent choice for physical and mental enhancement because it keeps one active, relieves stress, and is a good self-esteem booster.
Exercise, or physical activity helps your body in many ways. For example, exercise helps control the weight of a human. It helps prevent people gaining unwanted weight and helps people who have unwanted weight to lose it. (mayoclinic.com) When we eat, we are taking in calories, and then when we exercise we burn off
How does healthy eating affect your life? Many people really pay attention to the food they put in their bodies, until we get sick and need medical attention. I know that many of us love to eat fast food, but it catches up with us in the long run. While eating healthy would stop you from getting sick, and lower the cost of health care, healthy eating can enrich your body and prevent you from getting high doctor bills.