Blindness And Photosynthesis

When feeding in a treacherous environment both prey and predator must develop a varied range of hunting and defense behaviors.

The Pharomachrus mocinno has evolved many behavioural and physical traits as a result of adaptation to the current environment and lifestyle it leads, however this proposal will focus on the unusual plume tail length of the male P. mocinno. This particular species habitat requires nests as high as 22 meters in rotting trees (Seigfried et al. 2010). Therefore, the function of the feathers would typically be assumed to enhance flight, as that would make sense as a useful function in this scenario due to the high elevation. Surprisingly, however, the long length of the plume tail actually decreases the speed of the male bird due to the drag force of air (Norberg 1995) and requires it to drop backward off the branches before being able to fly forward normally (LaBastille et al. 1972). With such issues with the long plume tails, would sexual selection really be in this traits’ favour? In a study done on the widowbird such was the case; males with longer plumes were mated the most (Andersson 1982). However, the widowbird is completely black (including its tail), while in the case of Pharomachrus mocinno it is a very colourful bird. Previous studies also have shown, that the bright reflective colours on the male’s bodies help in attracting females (LaBastille et al. 1972).

Almost all animals and a fair amount of plants are photosensitive. Photosensitive is the ability to detect and react to light. Many organisms can only recognise simple light, and react to them, however their eyes are not developed enough to recognise colour or images. To be able to form an image, an organism needs far more developed eyes. Almost all vertebrates, and some more

Predators and prey are organisms that interrelate, and they can influence on another’s success in reproduction. Predators are organisms that consume other organisms-their prey. These two organisms evolve together. They live in an environment where they must develop certain adaptations to survive. When an adaptation is developed, it gives an organism certain physical characteristics that create an advantage for survival and can come to dominate in a population. An adaptation aids survival by either decreasing a prey's chance of being eaten, or by increasing a predator's chance of obtaining food to survive and reproduce. Predators must fight for food. They face density-independent

Colobus uses sense to choose their breakfast which nonprimate mammals do not use. Apes and other Old World monkeys possess trichromatic vision which allows them to perceive across the visible spectrum (from blue to red) (Carroll, 45). On the other hand, most nonprimate mammals are dichromats hence they cannot differentiate between red from green. This adaptation helps the animals to select nutritious leaves which are easy to digest.

+ Raccoons have weak eyesight and are color blind they rely mainly on their keen sense of smell.

Their eyes, and vision are analogous, since they are bitten by mantis shrimp, in more details, the mantis shrimp known as not endangers, yet when they bites on people’s body, the sting of a the mantis shrimp has swollen up, either, causes serious loss of vision. According to the current research, mantis shrimp is very tiny, and their habitat is normally in shallow ocean. Therefore, at first people discern no difference, and did not even realize it was occurring. Those of evidences are still convincing with people’s perspective, such as people usually distinguish many colors, and it is now a proven fact that people truly conceive that they are normality. Therefore, majority opinion is more significant than the minority one, and which is one of the evidence that expressed that still many color-blinded either dismiss from the people or a world. However, resume the thread of our discourse, the mantis shrimp see the color differently such as red to brown, and green to black. Those of the facts that only prove by the mantis shrimp, since many of the people born with their unusual ability of the eyes. Actually, we are the inability to distinguish particular

The dominant view in ecology - predators only affected their prey by killing them - is questioned. "Their mere presence - perhaps their scent on the wind and tracks in the dirt creates a perpetual state of apprehension in their prey." (ll 15,16) It also questions the belief that most animals fear in short bursts, the sharp

Selection would strongly favor prey that is able to identify predators and adjust antipredator responses according to the level of danger a predator poses, since responding to predators potentially involve costs (e.g. loss of time for foraging or mating). When certain predators have been absent from a prey’s habitat for an extended period of time, antipredator behaviors that are very costly may be lost, resulting in prey only responding to syntopic predators. Conversely, when antipredator behaviors are not costly, prey may continue to exhibit responses historically (over evolutionary time) associated with predators that are presently rarely or never encountered.

Food requirement variations lead to color vision being an exponentially valuable trait in the evolutionary success of the primates based on its influences in foraging behavior. If an animal is unable to discriminate a piece of fruit from being ripe or unsafe to eat, they could potentially become sick, thus negatively impacting their chances of reproduction and survival (Regan et al., 2005).

There are two confirmed species in the genus Manta: Manta alfredi and Manta birostris, and a putative third species, Manta sp. cf. birostris. While there are more in-depth methods of distinguishing these species, such as observing their teeth and denticles, some major differences lie in skin coloration patterns (Marshall, Compagno, & Bennett, 2009). Rapid coloration change, which occurred within a few minutes, was only just recently observed in captive Manta specimens (Ari, 2014). The coloration changes occurred in accordance with feeding times, as well as during intense social interactions (Ari, 2014). An animal’s coloration is often a tool for interacting with other individuals in its community, whether that be camouflage, a lure for prey,

With 5 birds and testing their initial patterns, they formulated a hypothesis as to which birds will eat large vs small mealworm . Interestingly, their findings were very similar to what they had predicted. Only anomaly was that zero-one rule was not as per the predictions and saw a variance where 85% of worms took large mealworms compared to prediction of 100%.

The threat of new predators to the Parson’s chameleon is limited due to the fact Madagascar is over 360km from mainland Africa. The Parson’s chameleon is positioned low down on the food chain in its habitat. The chameleon feasts primarily on insects and some small vertebrates while it is hunted by birds, snakes and larger mammals. However, in spite of what may seem like a struggle to survive with the numerous predators, the Parson’s chameleon has adapted to the environment in order to see off the majority of these threats. One of the few times a Parson’s chameleon will take to the forest floor is to bury the eggs of its offspring 10-30cm below the surface. The eggs are positioned well below the surface in order to protect them from any

Therefore, this study will focus on investigating this trait. The intensity of the blue rings will differ with the proximity and size of the threat to scare the threat away to avoid predation.

The limitation of mimicry to the female of the species is attributed to the differences in male/female predation rates and sexual selection against male mimicry (Kunte 2009). Female butterflies experience higher rates of predation than their male counterparts because they carry around a heavy load of eggs that slows their flight (Ohsaki 1995). Eastern black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) males that were altered to appear like the mimetic females of their species experienced a lower success rate in