Big Five Personality

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The five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has been an ongoing debate discussing how many factors appropriately represent the brain structure of personality, suggestions have varied from 2-7, recently Almagor et al. (1995) advocated that a 7-factor model unfolds when evaluative traits are involved. Costa & Mcrae (1992) claim that the FFM is the best theory of personality, however, the model has received much criticism. Through examining different aspects of the model its credibility can be explored.

The Big Five personality test was created in the 1970 's by two independent research teams. One team with Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, and the other with Warren and Lewis Goldberg. The two teams had different methods that they tested but in the end they both ended up with the same results. The results were that no matter what culture, race, or language people have their personality fits into five dimensions of personality. The five dimensions were created after reviewing lots of surveys and data analysis called factor analysis. Now, just forty years later the Big Five is one of the most commonly accepted personality models.

The Five Factor model uses the following traits: neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness to rate someone’s traits on a scale of effectiveness as a leader. Each trait is explained below:

Personality is often characterized as unique behaviors that individual possessed that sets him or her apart form others. On the other hand, Allport (1961: 28) states “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and thought”. There are many different types of personality models, some more popular than others, but nonetheless contributes immensely to the study and analysis of human personalities. One of them is the theory of the five-factor model (FFM), in which the Big Five personality traits are based on (Costa et al., 1992). As the name would suggest, the Big Five personality traits consists of five different dimension of personality. The five factors are namely openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, which can also be referred to the acronym OCEAN or CANOE. A deeper analysis into these five big dimensions reveal that beneath each of these categories of personalities are clusters of similar traits or factors. For instance, agreeableness includes traits like being courteous, flexible, trusting, good-natured, cooperative, forgiving, soft hearted, and tolerant (Barrick & Mount, 1991). Other personality theories such as the

The Hebrew Exodus has had people debating its plausibility for quite some time. From scholars to regular students, people have been trying to prove or disprove the Hebrew Exodus, either with facts or belief. Despite the strong evidence against the Exodus, many will choose to believe in it anyway. My personal belief of the Hebrew Exodus, is that it didn’t happen. It’s hard to believe the Exodus happened when the historical findings are non-existent. The Exodus events haven’t made it into recorded history, which was well kept by Egyptians, they also haven’t left anything to be found in the Sinai Desert, and has chronological errors.

Other core personality variables that are present at birth and innate to human beings. To better understand the biological and genetic factors that affect personality one must consider how prominent researchers define personality. According to Joshua Wilt and William Revelle (2015), personality is “the coherent pattern of affect, cognition, and desires (goals) as they lead to behavior” (p. 479). Correspondingly, the most prevalent personality framework is the “Big Five,” or the five-factor model of personality developed by McCrae and Costa who specifically assume that traits are biologically based, inherent tendencies that persistently influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors throughout life (Broderick, & Blewitt, 2015). The five traits are as follows: (1) Extraversion which has the characteristics of being outgoing, enthusiastic, active, talkative, and assertive. (2) Agreeableness which has the characteristics of being warm, forgiving, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, generous, and compliant. (3) Conscientiousness which has the characteristics of being organized, reliable, careful, responsible, self-controlled, and efficient. (4) Neuroticism which has the characteristics of being tense, sensitive, moody, anxious, self-pitying, and self-conscious. (5) Openness to Experience which has the characteristics of being insightful, imaginative, artistic, curious, having wide-ranging interests, and a positive orientation to learning.

One of them being conscientiousness. Conscientious people are very driven and orderly. They set goals and firm plans to achieve these goals. Rarely are they spontaneous or disorganized. My score within the Big Five Personality Profile was moderate for conscientiousness. I would say that I do exhibit some of these characteristics. I can be very organized and reliable. As a weakness, I find that I am not always a self-starter. I will set goals and stick to them, but need that push from others to get started. For instance, I was given the opportunity to work on an exciting new project at work that involves direct feedback from employees that I would personally deliver to upper management. This would be a big responsibility as I would be representing hundreds of employees and voice the current concerns of our group. I was asked to think it over. While processing the position, three others volunteered and I lost out of the opportunity. I took my time and wasn’t as organized in my decision making, therefore I missed out greatly.

I found the test results of the Big Five personality assessment to be an interesting and very accurate description of myself. After completing this assessment, I was able to analyze my personality in depth. I found this information to be helpful knowledge and provide insight about myself, as well as being crucial in examining my personality traits. The big five is also referred to the OCEAN model of personality, and stands for the main traits used to describe personalities. This acronym stands for openness to experience/intellect, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. After taking the test I was then given percentile scores that allowed me to compare myself with other people who have taken the test online as well, therefore making it a more meaningful comparison.

Among the numerous psychological models of personality studied in this chapter, I believe the most useful model of personality is the five-factor model. Rather than focusing on character traits, the unconscious, or learning principles, this model describes personality as being derived from five higher-order traits known as the “Big Five” (Weiten, McCann, 2016). The Big Five, developed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, consists of extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Thesis (?): This model is most compelling to me as I can easily identify fundamental aspects of my personality with it.

The Five Factor Model or Big Five model developed by McCrae and Costa factor together personality traits into 5 major categories. Those factors were Neuroticism (worried insecure, nervous, highly strung), Extraversion (Sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate), Openness (Original, independent, creative, daring), Agreeableness (Good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous), and Conscientiousness (Careful, reliable, hardworking, organized). (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). They are able to include most of other lower order traits accounting for specific dimensions of individual differences in personality. (Schultz & Schultz, 2013)

One person’s behaviour, relationships, and decision making is influenced by his personality. Personality is growth by genetic and affected by environmental factors. There is big five model of personality, such as surgency, agreeableness, adjustment, conscientiousness and openness to experience to categorizes one person’s traits (Lussier & Achua, 2013).

The second Big Five dimensions of personality are conscientiousness. Conscientiousness means the ability to achieve well and succeed in life. People who are high on

Personality is often described in terms of traits. It is a combination of traits that classifies an individual’s behaviour. The big five model of personality traits is the most widely accepted way to describe personalities. It classifies traits into five dimensions: surgency/dominance, agreeableness, adjustment, conscientiousness, and openness to experience (Achua and Lussier, 2013).

Ever look at yourself and wonder how/why you act the way you do? Ever wonder if there some kind of explanation to maybe why you are so open to everything? Or maybe why you pay attention to little things? Well the five dimensions can be the answer to your questions. There are five big dimensions of personalities. The personalities in a five factor model include: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each of these factors play a role in my life and can be an explanation of who I am and also who others are.