Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by acute episodic exacerbations against a background of chronic persistent inflammation associated with structural changes that may produce persistent symptoms and impaired pulmonary function (Martinez, 2011).
Asthma severity and asthma control are different terms but related pathogenesis. Asthma severity describes the underlying disease process in absence of concurrent treatment to determine the initial step of therapy. Asthma control describes the clinical status of disease in response to interventions. However, the individual parameters which determine asthma severity and asthma control overlap significantly (Yawn et al, 2006).
Assessment of asthma control has become a key element in asthma management. Asthma control is assessed from two domains: symptom control and risk factors. Pulmonary function is an important measure of asthma control and future risk and can be used as a monitoring tool in children. According to the level of asthma control, patients are categorized into well-controlled, partly
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Asthma treatment has been adjusted mainly on the basis of symptoms and pulmonary function. Biomarker can be used to monitor the response to treatments, optimize corticosteroid dose and act as prognostics for exacerbation risk and longer term asthma outcomes (Brisk, 2016)
Airway inflammation and tissue injury with subsequent abnormal repair may lead to structural changes in the airway of asthmatic subjects that defined as airway remodeling. Airway remodeling contributes to irreversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness, and it has been associated with increased disease severity and impaired pulmonary function. [5] Reversal of remodeling gain therapeutic importance, and mechanisms responsible for airway remodeling has become an important target for asthma treatment (Shifren,
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa and hyperreactive bronchial tubes. Its etiology has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors. Several genes, including those that influence the production of proteins and cells involved in the immune response (such as interleukins, eosinophils, mast cells) have been linked with asthma. A decreased number of T-regulatory cells is also associated with asthma. Environmental factors linked with asthma include exposure to allergens, urban residence, and smoking (or exposure to secondary smoke). Recurrent respiratory tract viral infections may also contribute to the development of asthma. Decreased exposure to certain infectious organisms during early childhood, and the consequent underdevelopment of the immune response, can also lead to the development of asthma--this is known as the hygiene hypothesis (McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 1263-4).
(Updated guidelines 2008) GINA considered that it is useful to classify the asthma by severity at beginning patient assessment. Asthma severity includes both the underlying disease severity and response to treatment. Thus, asthma classified as Severe Persistent on initial presentation when severe symptoms and obstruction of airflow occur, but when it effectively respond to treatment and then classified as moderate Persistent. And then Asthma severity may change over time.
Introduction: Late onset obese asthmatics are associated with reduced L-arginine and greater levels of asymmetric di-methyl arginine (ADMA). This imbalance increases nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling leading to reduced nitric oxide (NO) and increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. However, the role of the human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in regulating this process in asthma is unknown.
Asthma is a respiratory disease that many people deal with every single day. “According to World Health Organization, approximately 180,000 people die from asthma each year.” (Jardins and Burton 187) Most people never think of asthma as a life threatening disease, but it can be crucial. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with someone who has been diagnosed with this disease. Asthma is a severe breathing problem that has many complications that is dealt with daily like shortness of breath, chronic cough, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath, my main focus is childhood asthma, allergic asthma, and medication to treat asthma.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation, with explanation of arterial blood gas pattern during an asthma exacerbation. Also, explain how ethnicity might impact pathophysiology of asthma and asthma exacerbation. The diagnosis and treatment plan needed to relieve the presented signs and symptoms will be reviewed. Lastly, constructs two mind maps for chronic asthma and asthma exacerbation including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment.
Chronic inflammation leads to structural changes, narrowing of the small airways, and destruction of lung tissue, which diminishes the ability of the airways to remain open during expiration
Asthma is a life-threatening inflammatory ailment of the upper airways that distresses approximately eight to ten percent of the populace, about seven million of the populace distressed with asthma are essentially the children (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Arcangelo and Peterson demarcate asthma as a chronic inflammatory ailment of the airways branded by airways blockage, inflammation, and hyper-responsiveness. The American Academy of Allergy and Immunology {AAAAI}, (2016), indicated that the mainstream children acquire asthma prior the age of five. The impact of asthma on the society is enormous related to arrays of trips to the emergency room, hospitalizations, work and school days absents, and mortality.
To better understand the impact of asthma, a brief overview of the causes (aetiology) and disease progression (pathophysiology) must be shown. As common as asthma is, not much is known about its aetiology, according to findings presented by Subbaroa, Mandhane and Sears (2009, pg. 181-187) in a review from the Canadian
The pathophysiology of Asthma includes inflammation of the airway. The way in which this works is from an irritant which can include dust, pollen, cedar, or cat hair. When a reaction occurs, the airways become inflamed and narrow. The narrowing occurs because once the inflammatory response is triggered by an irritant, histamines, immunoglobulin E antibodies, and leukotrienes are released. Because of this, mucous production occurs. Since the bronchioles are inflamed and narrow, breathing becomes difficult. Wheezing sounds can be heard due to the lack of air being able to easily move in and out of the narrowed bronchioles.
Asthma is a disorder of the bronchial mucosa which causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Patients who suffer from asthma have a hyperresponsiveness of the airways which causes narrowing to stimuli that illicit no bronchoconstriction in patients without asthma or airway disease (McCance, 2014). Expert Panel 3 of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program defines asthmas as “a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. The interaction of these features of asthma determines the clinical manifestations and severity of asthma and the response to treatment (Fanta, 2017).”
Although many Organization such as national and international guidelines from the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) highlighted the importance of evaluating asthma severity in children before the beginning of therapy. Severe asthma is known when lungs are not function normally and develop tenacious symptoms despite appropriate therapy. Asthma in children is a chronic, continuous disorder and categorized by airway inflammation. It also has different phases. While some children with asthma have symptoms that are improved with short-acting bronchodilators, many other children have continuous symptoms requiring daily treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Children with
Breathing is a vital process for every human. Normal breathing is practically effortless for most people, but those with asthma face a great challenge. During an asthma attack, breathing is hampered, making it difficult or even impossible for air to flow through the lungs. Asthma is an increasingly common problem, and has become the most common chronic childhood disease. At least 17 million Americans suffer from it(1), and although it can be fatal, it is usually not that severe(4). There is no cure for asthma, but with proper care, it can usually be controlled.
Asthma is a chronic disease in which the airways of the patient become inflammed and can constrict the flow of air leading to difficulty in breathing and can cause symptoms like shortness of breath .In recent times there has been a rise in the number of cases of asthma reported among infants and children .The symptoms and signs for all children are not the same and may differ ,today with the growing pollution levels and the other types of allergies that the child may have it is very crucial to understand what is asthma and it's symptoms .The aim of my study is to summarize about the asthma disease in infants and children, under that I have discussed the following topics-introduction to pediatric asthma ,indications of asthma, risk factors
Airways are tubes that carry air in and out of one’s lungs. These airways become swollen because of Asthma, making less air flow inside the body.
Asthma is a disease involving the respiratory system causing obstruction to the airways. During an acute attack of asthma, the circular muscles surrounding the breathing tubes that form our airways( called the bronchi) go into spasm impending especially the passage of air starvation. One is surrounded by so much air , the patient finds it difficult to get enough. Also at this same time, there is increased secretion of mucous by the inner lining of the bronchial tubes adding to the obstruction of the