Archeological Field Method Paper

The majority of cultural research conducted at KLGO consists in identifying historic sites and on the historical aspects of the Stampede years during the Gold Rush. Two archaeological sites located at KLGO on the U.S. side of the park boundary identify positively as being pre-Gold Rush. In 1994, KLGO archaeologists identified an early- contact rock shelter or 49-SKG-148 located on Long Hill (along the Chilkoot Trail) dating to the mid to late 1800s. Upwards of 40 cm of alluvial deposition in and around the rock shelter produced a varied assemblage of artifacts including: lithic debitage of varied materials, trade beads of Russian and American origin, lead shot, a .38 caliber bullet, a varied assemblage of burned bone, red ochre, and a United

Our third stop was along the interstate, right between two formations of Washita Valley. The formation on the north of us was represented by Pennsylvanian Collings Ranch Conglomerate (around 350 million years old), which is shown with blue color on the map and the formation on the south of us was represented by Ordovician Kindblade Limestone (around 450mil years old), shown by the pink color on the map. There is a huge time gap between these two formations. The Collings Ranch Conglomerate is outstandingly exposed along Interstate 35 near the top of Arbuckle Mountains. It was formed during late Pennsylvanian and is slightly younger than Devil’s Kitchen Conglomerate. Large size of grains, conglomerate boulders and cobbles, indicate high energy

Over the course of thousands of years, groups of people temporarily set up camp a valley in what is now Goshen County, Wyoming (Irwin-Williams et al. 1973; Larson, Kornfeld, and Frison 2009). Small-scale occupations and campsites, which make up the 27 Paleoindian components at the four localities of the site, named Hell Gap after the valley is lies in, provide insight into the lifeways of the individuals who chose to take refuge therein (Larson, Kornfeld, and Frison 2009). The semi-montane environment of the valley, at an elevation of around 1525 meters, opens to the east onto the High Plains, and as such, the resources of the valley and of the plains were easily accessible to the inhabitants (Irwin-Williams et al. 1973).

The Repton Long Barrow sits between the parish church and the River Esk in Repton, Bluffshire, U.K. Last summer, I examined evidence for previous disturbance(s) of the site and assessed the extent to which the original Neolithic burial mound remained intact. I excavated two different sites on the mound, one on the east end and another on the west end of the barrow. While excavating and cleaning each of the sections, I recovered artifacts and human bones. I was also able to draw a stratigraphic profile of each excavation site. Using documentary sources pertaining to the Repton Long Barrow site to assist in my interpretation of the history, I was able to reconstruct the

About 50,000 artifacts were recovered when digging up this site (2). The Makah people actually sought out archaeologist to uncover these artifacts. These artifacts included wooden boards, nets, baskets, wooden tools, wooden boxes, bone and antler harpoons, and cordage that were all preserved. An animal bone recovered at the site indicated that they used whale

The tools were created from wood, bone, and stone. They were created by breaking off the edges of stone cores to cr3eate points or cutting

Multiple educational institutions have long since sited the value of hands on activities. Included in this is the value that hands on lab activity can provide for students in an introductory archaeology undergraduate course. I aim to outline how to conduct a shoebox style dig that has been adapted for use in a undergraduate setting allow for students to gain a further understanding of artefact context, taphonomic conditions and stratigraphy. Taking this one step further from the traditional shoebox dig such as the one BROWN this activity incorporates aspects of the reconstruction of artefacts. All of the topics addressed in this activity are a part of any standard introduction to archaeology course. Thus this activity serves a variety of purposes,

Include references to specific site formation processes and the geoarchaeological methods used to investigate them.

The Acheulean “Hand axe” tool dates from 1.4 million years ago – 100,000 years ago and originated in Sub-Saharan Africa. This technology is characterized by its unique stone hand axe which are pear shaped, teardrop shaped, or rounded in outline, usually 12–20 cm long and flaked over at least part of the surface of each side (bifacial). There is considerable variation in size and quality of workmanship (Oldowan and Acheulean Stone Tools 2015). The Acheulean Hand axe is also known as a multipurpose tool, ranging from digging and cutting to hunting and butchering of

1. Hamilton, Sue. Thomas, Mike S. Whitehouse, Ruth. “Say it with stone: constructing with stones on Easter Island.” World Archaeology 43.2 (2011): 167-190. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Web. 11 July 2015.

This site was formed by the Earth’s crust which began to alter. Then the its crust cracked and molten rock rose from beneath the surface, but before reaching the surface the molten rock also known as magma, cooled creating pockets and then erosion took place. After millions of years of erosion of rock that came from distant mountain ranges, and nearly three million years ago rock layers were deposited to have created sedimentary rocks. These rocks that have been through the process of erosion, were laid down by deposition, by rivers and lakes.

While working with a team in the Pacific, off the coast of Tahiti, we received a lead of a possible location for a dig on the island of Oahu. The information stated that a farmer found a roof of a very old structure, which could be connected with past Polynesian culture.

Knowing the date of the individuals death correlates with the back artifacts findings; there were an abundance of bath artifacts 3 to 4 thousand years ago, specially back microliths, but first appeared in approximately 15,000 years ago in the Late Pleistocene Era. As previously mentioned backed artifacts were found, 17 stone flakes in total. Of this total number of flakes 3 were refitted, and 14 were near complete; additionally 12 of the 1 had backing retouch. Not only did the death correlate with the backed artifacts, but also were consistent with the sea level stand on New South Wales (NSW) coast during that time. Furthermore, the stability of the chemistry, nitrogen, and, carbon isotopes of the bone form that method of dating shows the individuals had a high diet that mostly came from the mid-trophic level. From the anatomical examination of the bones they were confirmed to belong to one individual; the in situ elements of the bones made this possible. The size and appearance of the skull along with the pelvic shape and lack of female characteristics of the pelvic was consistent with aboriginal males from coastal NSW during that

Human innovation, and desire to explore the world around them has created amazing archaeological finds. As man followed their food, they created new weapons to hunt, found new ways to gather and process wild foods, while reaching out create artistic endeavors for pleasure, for celebration, and for use. From the glacial push of the Pleistocene to the fog meadows of South America, humans have adapted to their environment, and over time they have adapted their environment to their needs. I will discuss my ten favorite archaeological sites and why I feel they are some of the best sites in the world.

The axes comprise the vast majority of Gülpınar polished cutting edge stone tool assemblage. They are generally pecked or ground with a transverse cutting edges, elongated triangular in section with tapering, rounded butt; sharpened the symmetrical blade and elliptical-sub rectangular in cross section. Also, they have polished and flat surfaces and no visible wear traces on blades except few specimens. Some specimens had extensive wear traces, which are may result of felling trees, carpentry related tasks or cutting, chopping and butchery related tasks. Polished axes have more advantages than flaked axes because of their polished cutting surfaces. The symmetrical edges and smooth surfaces penetrate deeper on wood during cutting activities (Bordaz