Analysis Of Podocalyxin And Ezrin In Cancer

Figure 2 [3]: The role of cadherin and catenin in the binding of cancer cells to the endothelium.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the cell-surface receptor for extracellular protein ligands. EGFR family has four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu, Her 3 and Her 4. Mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could lead to cancer.

Catenins play a crucial role in cadherin function. E cadherins and catenins are proteins that are involved in intercellular adhesion. It has been suggested that lack of alpha, beta or gamma catenins enable tumor progression. Immunohistochemical analysis of intracellular beta-catenin and WNT-1 levels in basal cell carcinoma had

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Signaling pathways that result in cell migration are often useful in understanding how cancer cells metastasize. The researchers of Swaminathan et al., 2016 examine how adhesion site assembly occurs while Nader et al., 2016 focuses primarily on the adhesion turnover both are fundamental processes in cell migration. Integrins play a dominant role in nascent integrin-mediated adhesions (NAs) which are important in lamellipodium protrusion and generating traction at focal adhesion points involved in cell motility. Integrins have been extensively studied and are linked to wound healing as well as metastasis in cancer cells (Lawson et al., 2012). When extracellular signals, either chemical or physical, contact the cell surface it triggers a response that induces movement. If the signaling molecule is a growth factor (ex. Epidermal Growth Factor) it could activate a GTPase protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The next is a signal cascade often led by Rabs or Ras (small G-proteins) proteins that are powered by GTPase hydrolysis, which often recruits and activates Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) or Scar. Previous studies identified cancer cell that use Rab-coupling to control cell motility by regulating B-intgrins trafficking (Nader et al., 2016). WASP recruits Actin related protein 2 and 3 (Arp2/3) complex to the cell membrane and activates it

Metastasis, the spread of tumor cells from a primary tumor to a secondary site within the human body remains one of the most life-threatening pathological events [3]. It is responsible for more than 90% of cancer associated mortality; therefore, the clinical need to prevent or target metastasis is great [4].

Name: Seyram Sablah Date: 2/23/24 Section: #711 Ms. Lewis “The Taming of the Shrew” Character Comparison Essay. 69% of men under the age of 35 believe that stereotyping young people into gender roles causes difficulty in understanding what it means to be a man or a woman. Yet back when “The Taming Of The Shrew'' was created, none of these statistics were discovered, nor were these ideas accepted. But clues and snippets throughout the play give the information to show us how deeply the men in this story forced women into gender roles and into a certain regimen of what they wanted, making women accommodate them. In the play "The Taming Of The Shrew'' both characters Petruchio and Katherine were examples of specific gender roles and encouraged

The Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet is a very informative book that carries on an important message to the world. This is a satisfying and beautifully writing Novel that talks about the value of human being between individuals with a beautiful heart. That knows the important of life. It is a book that includes bitter and sweet at the same time, because Henry lost his friend and this loved one due to some type of hate that came from their ancestries. I strongly believe that this book will delight and change some individuals’ thoughts about rice and who are still stuck on discriminating of others. It carries on sweet memories, love, and friendship that was lost for a quit and found. I am sure this novel will be best suited for a multicultural

Tumor angiogenesis refers to an attribute of tumor cells residing with the capacity to elicit continuously the growth of new capillary endothelium. Tumor angiogenesis occurs by recruitment of endothelial cell precursor or by sprouting of existing capillaries as in physiologic angiogenesis. Angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) is implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases including cancer. Angiogenesis in the tumor mass permits growth and invasiveness of the cancer cells as it is believed to be essential for the delivery of essential nutrients and oxygen to the tumor microenvironment. Clustered evidence suggests that angiogenesis is a critical event in the progression of solid tumors because tumor growth beyond 2 to

The uncontrollable spread of cancer is the principal event which leads to the death in individuals with cancer and it is the greatest barrier of developing cures for cancer. Metastasis is the progressive spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumour to secondary organ in distant sites and this potential is dependent on the specific microenvironment which support them to complete each step of the metastatic process (Poste & Fidler 1980). To understand the molecular basis of metastasis, investigators have now separated the complex and highly selective metastasis process into series of steps to try and solve the problems cause by

Cancer is listed as the second most common cause of death in western countries; particularly, in adults. Though it has a long antiquity, its prevalence and incidence today is pervasive and the war on cancer has not been promising. Malignant neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled growth and the ability to metastasize or spread from the original site. Cancer results from mutations that promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell adhesion (metastasis). According to the National Cancer Institute (2016), “Cancer can also spread regionally,

The other influential components such as PI3K, ERK, and Ras have been previously explored in multiple cancer types. However, the influential components consist of the most important drug candidates that block cell proliferation in cancer cells. Some of these components have been associated with the drug resistance. For example, in non-small cell lung cancer, EGFR showed mutation in its kinase domain, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and mechanisms to develop resistance to gefitinib [35]. In colorectal, and head and neck cancers KRAS mutation, EGFR-S492R mutation, and increased ErBb signaling are responsible for resistance

Through the successes of molecular biology in the last 30 more years, we now understand that oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes encode many cellular signal pathways that not only sustain cancer proliferation but also reprogram cancer energy metabolism to meet the biosynthetic challenge associated with the cancer cells growth and proliferation (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011; Vander Heiden et al., 2009; Ward and Thompson, 2012a). Many signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and HIF are involved in cancer metabolic reprograming for cellular biosynthesis (Jones and Thompson, 2009; Ward and Thompson, 2012a, b). Furthermore, oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been found to be critical components of these metabolic

A majority of individuals that inhabit this universe were not born with a talent. I, unfortunately was no exception. I grew up stumbling through different sports teams and art classes. From playing games of softball to attending pottery classes, nothing really stuck to me. I was beginning to doubt I would ever find anything I was truly passionate about until recently. I have realized that I am passionate about food. Not just eating it, but also studying it as it is processed though the body. I was initially introduced to nutrition through my own poor eating habits. I was on the verge of becoming obese when visited a Nutritionist. I was very overwhelmed with my diet changes at first, but then became amazed at how much better I felt mentally and physically. I was so inspired by this that I decided that becoming a Nutritionist would be something that I want to do for a living. The quizzes from The College Foundation of North Carolina seemed to support my decisions as well, making me even more confident to pursue a career doing my passion.

(2012) and Yang et al. (2013). Furthermore, EMMPRIN expression showed a predominantly peripheral/ basal distribution pattern in the tumor islands in most of our cases. This was reported in other studies (Monterio et al 2014) suggesting a more frequent distribution of this receptor in tumor cells with a more proliferative phenotype. This expression pattern can be attributed to the structure of EMMPRIN, as it has a cytoplasmic and membranous domain which was previously described by Iacono et al. (2007).