Albuterol Smooth Muscle Lab Report

The halothane anaesthetic binded with the RyR1 receptor at the depolarization process where the RyR1 receptor released abnormally large amount of calcium, leading to continuous muscle contraction and the excessive production of heat. The affected ryanodine receptor of the skeletal muscle induces calcium exit from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle, consequently accelerating biochemical reactions which cause severe muscle contractions and elevates the metabolic rate, resulting in respiratory and metabolic acidosis. The binding of the anesthetic to the receptor overwhelms the body’s ability to supply oxygen. Uncontrolled calcium release triggered by the binding of halothane anaesthetic, causes excessive muscle contractions and

When an asthmatic takes an inhaler “Albuterol sulfate”, the medication works by reducing the inflammation in the airway paths “bronchi and bronchioles” of the lungs, allowing the patient to breath without constriction or symptoms of asthma.

Contractility of ASM requires an increased levels of intracellular Ca2+. When surface receptors are not activated, Ca2+ levels are low. Upon activation of these cell surface receptors by contractile agonists e.g. acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine, intracellular Ca2+ increases causing a contraction (9). Smooth muscle cell contraction is controlled by both receptor and mechanical activation of proteins actin and myosin and also changes to membrane potential.

As a stimulant, Clenbuterol is actually harsh on cardiac tissue and the cardio-vascular system, although there is some evidence that Clenbuterol promotes cardiac recovery and muscle growth in patients with chronic heart-failure using high dosage. Nonetheless, the peak Clenbuterol dosage used in the study is considered extreme and is not to be attempted by anyone due to its high-risk nature. Also, Myocardial Ischemia is a reported risk of Clenbuterol usage, a condition whereby there is insufficient supply of blood to the heart resulting from arterial vasoconstriction caused by Clenbuterol. A study on rats revealed Clenbuterol’s alarming myotoxic effects, where it caused the death of soleus muscle as well as the heart muscle. Nevertheless, the dosage in this study is considered

Albuterol has affinity to β 2 receptors and binds to them, causing a relaxation effect. β2 receptors are members of the adrenergic family of receptors and therefore its effects are caused by an interaction with G proteins. β

Reserach on animals suggests Clenbuterol may increase the size of heart muscle cells, possibly due to the increased amount of collagen. Collagen is an inelastic substance which reduces the effectiveness of the heart muscle, especially the output of blood. As a result, extremely prolonged use of Clenbuterol may result in arrhythmia (irregular heart beat), and, in turn, an increased risk of strokes. Such effects may occur only after an excessive intake of Clenbuterol over a long period of time and have not been observed in humans.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors; Albuterol is a beta-adrenergic agonist called also sympathomimetic. It mimics the effect of sympathetic nervous systems.

Albuterol; is a bronchodilator which means it will open and relax the breathing passages in your lungs. This will treat your wheezing, when you have shortness of breath, and a cough. Side effects that may occur are a shaking, nervous feeling, nausea and dizziness.

Statistics uses math to determine whether or not an experiment happened by chance. In other words, it determines the probability of your results being by chance or if it is factual data. The mathematical ways of determining probably include looking at mean, standard deviation, mode, and median. This experiment will use statistics to test the probability.

Heart Healthy Fat In this experiment the amount of fat will be seen in four different types margarine. Margarine is mostly made of water and fat. There are two different types of fat, saturated and unsaturated.

A study involving scientists from Cardiff University set out a range of laboratory experiments involving mice models of asthma and samples of human tissue. With the aim of getting a better understanding of asthma patients and what causes the inflammation of the airways. Results show that as a result proteins called eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and other important protein. These proteins carry multiple positive electrical charges. This proved that inflammation is caused by these proteins activating another type of protein molecules called calcium sensing receptors found in the smooth muscle cells that line the airways.

A) CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and extracellular matrix (ECM): Blood vessels, include arteries that transport blood from the heart to the systemic circulation, and veins that transport blood back again into the heart. A remarkable change in blood vessel structure and function happened, with the emergence of a high-pressure, pulsatile circulatory system in vertebrates. Blood vessels then evolved from simple tubes for channeling blood or other body fluids from a low-pressure heart. According to their sizes and structures, arteries can be subdivided into four categories: large elastic arteries, medium-sized muscular arteries, small arteries (s Law, the larger the aortic diameter, the larger the wall tension

There are several patho-physiologies of asthma. The mechanism by which asthma occurs is caused by inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory mediators, bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness, airway remodeling, airway inflammation, the occurrence of persistent changes in airway structure, gene-by-environment interactions, atopy or the genetic predisposition for the development of immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated response to common aeroallergens, sex, and environmental factors. Bronchoconstriction is airway narrowing and a subsequent interference with airflow. During bronchoconstriction, bronchial smooth muscle contraction occurs quickly to narrow the airways after being exposed to a variety of stimuli including allergens

Airway hyperresponsiveness or bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma is an exaggerated response to numerous exogenous and endogenous stimuli. The mechanisms involved consist of direct stimulation of airway smooth muscle and indirect stimulation by pharmacologically active substances from mediator-secreting cells such as mast cells or nonmyelinated sensory neurons. The degree of airway hyperresponsiveness generally correlates with the clinical severity of

The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effect of hazardous chemicals on the human circulatory system causing cardiovascular disease. It was suggested that there are problems in circulatory system due to imbalance in the body by environmental factors and food consumed. To observe this 180 males who worked in factories who were exposed to harmful chemicals were selected as the experimental group and 135 males who were not exposed to any chemicals were taken as the control group. All of the subjects were asked basic questions about their work and personal habits. In order to measure risk for cardiovascular disease their physical tests were performed along with blood tests to record lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride in