Alan Clark

Chester Alan Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Arthur and his seven siblings lived in the United States and Canada during their childhood.

The research question being investigated is “To what extent did breaking the Enigma code aid the Allies in winning World War II?”. This involves the practically “unbreakable” code that the Germans used during World War II. The Allies were able to break this code, which some historians think helped the Allies win the war. To understand whether this point is true or not, the background of the cracking of the Enigma Code was established. The Allied program which dealt with all the information being uncovered by the Enigma Code, was called the Ultra Program. Then, the beginning battles, the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, North Africa Campaign, Invasion of Normandy, Battle of the Bulge, Battles in South America, and the Balkan Campaign

Herbert Yardley’s efforts in the early 1900s set the foundation for modern cryptology and the establishment of today’s cryptologic agencies, such as the National Security Agency (NSA) (Lowenthal, 2000c). Yardley’s deciphering of Latin American and Japanese code established the need for cryptanalysts, not only for military use, but diplomatic as well. The Cipher Bureau – Yardley’s organization – provided the setting to utilize deciphering and coding to provide intelligence and security for the United States (US) (Powe & Wilson, 1973). The use of cryptology in the early twentieth century by Yardley and his team provides the setting for the establishment of modern intelligence agencies, intelligence processes, and security practices.

World War II was a war of many victories and losses. A battle for constant control of territories, that was ushered by greed and corruption. With this comes the persistent need to find an advantage over the enemy, and during this time Germany became the front runner in innovations and technology. This intelligence showed by the Germans had the allied forces in a scramble to help propel them on top of the battle again. In hopes of success, through desperation the United States had managed to put together a top-secret task force. However this was not the typical task force that the United States was know to specialize in, until the early 1940 's. This task force was hand selected to specialize in tricking the German forces, specifically in the art of Deception. Through the use of these technologies given to them, these brave soldiers used their skills in sonic, radio, and visual deception, to help lead the allied forces to victory. Later called the Ghost Army of the War, these American 's were essential in deceiving the German forces.

Dr. Williamson Murray notes that, “only now, nearly forty years after the end of the Second World War, has the essential role and contribution of intelligence to the winning of [World War II] become clear. Central to the new evaluation of that importance has been the discovery of the fact that throughout the war the intelligence services of the Western powers (particularly the British) were able to intercept, break, and read a significant portion of the top secret message traffic of the German military. The dissemination of that cryptographic intelligence to Allied commanders under the codename Ultra played a substantial and critical role in fighting the Germans and achieving an Allied victory.” Indeed, it is said by some historians that the

The Enigma machine was the primary cryptosystem used by German armed forces units (such as regiments or divisions). About the size of a portable typewriter, Enigma

Most historically based movies try to reenact exactly what happened in the historical events that took place, while others have added twists to them, like a change in storyline, proving its historical inaccuracy. The 2001 film Enigma stars Tom Jericho, a British mathematician who solved the German Enigma code, “shark”, the first time around and is called back into Bletchley Park to do it again. While doing so, he teams up with his ex-girlfriend’s roommate, Hester Wallace, to detect why his ex, Claire Romilly, has disappeared and discovered secret information on the Katyn Forest Massacre and a German spy in the British Intelligence System. This movie is both historically accurate and inaccurate because the information it provided about the German Enigma, Bletchley Park, and the Katyn Forest Massacre is true, yet some details behind the characters Jozef Pukowski and Tom Jericho are falsely stated. In reflecting upon the movie, it is obvious the producers were sticking to a particular agenda in altering storylines related to other historical figures to keep it centered around the British and Germans in order to avoid confusion while it also presented a new perspective in seeing the significance this Enigma War had to the Allies’ success in WW II, even though the historical value of the film didn’t seem real at first.

Ralphie’s secrete message , from The Christmas Story, that he received from the Ovaltine decoder pin looked challenging and difficult at first but soon was able to decode the very important message. However, if his message from Little Orphan Annie was coded with the Enigma machine it may have been more puzzling for Ralphie just like it was for the rest of the world.The Enigma machine was a complex machine that was used by the Nazis during World War II to send secret messages. This machine consists of three routers , two keyboards, and a plug board or coming together to make an intricate machine for its time.Germany believed this machine was unbreakable and that their messages would never be decrypted. This machine may have helped Germany in

The Enigma machine developed by the Germans is probably the most famous. It had the shape of a typewriter and in order to use it, the operator had to type the message and the turn a few rotors, in order to scramble the message thus encrypting it. On the other end, the same rotor combination would be used on the machine in order to decrypt the text. The rotor combinations were given to the users so that they could enter in the correct decryption key when receiving a transmission.

Deutsch reveals that both sides suffered failures and had successes and each had to face difficulties with cryptanalysis. He explains that the German navy’s Heimisch or Hydra, codenamed Dolphin by Bletchley Park, broken from 1942 onwards, and Triton, codenamed Shark, broken periodically and sometimes for protracted periods of time, were both harder to crack in comparison to the Enigma cipher, and therefore were only as useful as the frequency to which they were broken. I will use this source to further correlate cryptanalysis during the Battle of the Atlantic and the success the allies encountered due to this. This source gives a great explanation as to what the capture of German code accessories from the German weather ship, Muenchen, as well as the German U-110. It also explains how solving the fourth rotor problem in March of 1943 meant the end

In this book, Ron Clark discusses very important qualities that a teacher should have. He stated very good facts and points. After reading his text, it really made me sit back and think about what kind of teacher I wanted to be and what kind of qualities I thought it was important for a teacher to possess. The three qualities that stood out the most to me were balance, confidence and humor.

Today, global leaders’ decisions impact how they view and value human life. Whenever large businesses’ entrepreneurial change agents prepare to assemble a difference in the world, they want to involve their organization to donate funds or his or her time to aid others in their hour of need. However, the path a leader takes can be difficult at times because their position within the corporation might not provide the necessary tools to fulfill his or her humanitarian duties. The following case study examines which career option best suits Alan Wilson, an essential expert point of view that aligns with his philanthropic obligations, and how the role of a global leader plays in making a difference.

I believe that in about fifty years' time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 109, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 per cent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.

When it comes to symbols throughout this movie, they are not hidden where you have to think about it. These motifs are easily present and up front an personal when the film was screened. The first motif was obvious and of course the main sought out object of the entire film and that was the Enigma machine. This machine was said to be the unbreakable message translator that would be all the leverage needed for Germany to have the victory at the end of the tunnel. The Enigma machine was easy to understand but extremely difficult to break, especially when you only had 24 hours to break that days worth of codes and then after all the work would change for a new day of code breaking. The second motif would be Turing’s machine named Christopher.

The “Ignominious Tribe,” the worlds “second oldest profession,” these are both describing the same thing, the mysterious profession that lives in the shadows of history. Espionage. Governments fear it, yet it is always a major factor during wars, and it isn’t very well known by the general public. Men and women throughout history who have fought in secret positions during wars, often placed into positions of great danger. Why were they willing to risk so much for their countries? Profit? Honor? Adrenaline? There are many aspects of the art of espionage, from the necessary grunt work of field agents to the solid determination of cryptologists. Cryptography is defined as the art of writing and solving codes, a necessary practice for all sides involved in any major battle or power struggle, an example being World War II, where coding and cipher script were integral parts of the conflict, main factors of every win or loss. Without cryptography, some estimate that the war would have lasted at least two years longer than it did, thus proving the necessary function of cryptography. In the following pages, the reader will learn a brief history of the evolution of cryptography, and how it was important in such major recent struggles as WWII. This form of espionage has been an integral part of history.