Advantages And Disadvantages Of Selective Breeding

Modern agricultural technologies goals is to obtain the highest yields and get the highest economic profit as possible

Artificial selection – a breeder that selects desired traits for a species and then breeds that species to have those traits.

Along with natural selection comes artificial selection. Artificial selection is when an organism is bred to look or act a certain way. It is a fake mutation. A mutation is the change of a gene that makes an organism look different than the others. In a Natural selection an example of this is white white mice and black mice living on a mountain top.

Everyone has heard of the bulldog. There are English bulldogs, French bulldogs, and many more. What if someone were to tell you that because of selective breeding, your precious pooch may be in danger. Selective breeding is something that breeders do to get the best looking dogs. Breeders do this for show dogs and for sport dogs but in the the bulldogs case it is very dangerous. Bulldogs are now faced with a decreased lifespan, more health problems, and is leading to less of a species variety. Even though selective breeding is great to keep certain traits out of the way, in the bulldogs case, it could be disastrous.

Many people are familiar with the words natural selection, an idea that was popularized by Darwin in the 19th century; to simply define it, natural selection is nature’s editing mechanism that results in the favoring of some individuals over others when exposed to certain environmental factors. Artificial selection parallels the process of natural selection but with an added twist: the involvement of human beings. Artificial selection is “a process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms” allowing “only organisms with the desired feature to reproduce or may provide more resources to the organisms with the desired feature” (Artificial Selection, n.d.).

An example that I am going to use is artificial selection of working dogs (Huntaways) used in the farming industry. Artificial breeding has been extremely important in ensuring that you are breeding the best dogs for the job. This means that farmers will breed their best dogs together to ensure that he has high quality working dogs. Farmers that also compete in dog trialling, breed the dogs that are best suited to the sport of dog trialling together because there is no point breeding a high quality working dog with a Labrador because you will only end up going backwards in terms of producing high quality working dogs.

The most commonly used genetic altering purpose today is seen in animals, and it produces a multitude of opportunities. Industries, such as agriculture, have already taken action with this opportunity. Cows can be made to produce more milk, higher quality beef, and higher quality milk. Sheep can be made to produce more wool, or salmon could be made to grow faster and larger than usual. In other words, one needs less cows to produce the required milk, less sheep to produce enough wool, and less salmon to get the desired meat. Additionally, to an increase in productivity, these animals will most likely have a high tolerance to a number of diseases and illnesses. This means that not only will the cattle, sheep, and salmon be more productive, but also live a longer, healthier life. Andrew B. Perzigian in, “Brief summary of Genetic engineering and animals” says that

Selective breeding also could cause a decrease in biodiversity due to inbreeding. Inbreeding is the production of breeding between closely related individuals [2] and is used as it increases the chance of having favourable alleles and desirable phenotypes in the offspring. However, due to the individuals close genetic relations to one another this can cause many problems for the biodiversity of the population of dairy cows. Traits that may be disadvantageous now will be continuously chosen against during genomic selection and embryo transfer as the DNA is being scanned and checked for undesirable traits. However, this disadvantageous trait may become an advantageous trait in the future but it will be lost through the generations of selective breeding against it and are difficult to get back. As a result, this affects the evolution of the species as a whole because they develop and change to suit the desirable traits chosen which results in the undesirable traits being lost altogether.

To begin, natural selection and artificial selection are drastically different. Natural selection is the process by which varied traits that increase survival and enable reproduction are passed down from one generation to another generation. Natural selection is where all species have some sort of involvement with the environment that they live in. An example of this would be in a habitat where there are red bugs and green bugs. In the article “Natural Selection

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Artificial selection is a technique of reproductive control by which man alters the genes of domestic or cultivated organisms. This technique is based on the inheritable characteristics of the species, increasing the frequency with which certain variations appear in the following generations; there is a directed evolution, in which human preferences determine the

Selective breeding in animals and plants is still carried out by both commercial and hobby breeders/growers. Selective breeding allows you to be able to breed/grow the exact animal/plant you want, so they can serve the purpose you want them to. Selective breeding can be used to minimise the impacts and/or treat genetic disease.

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Artificial selection and natural selection are different forms of the same practice that Charles Darwin observed. Artificial selection is when man controls the breeding for a specific trait just like genetic engineering where scientists alter and clone genes to produce a new trait in an organism. At the same time, natural selection is based on environmental conditions. Natural selection is Darwin’s famous theory stating evolutionary changes that occur through the production of variation in each generation. Organisms that are best suited to their environment

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.