Absolutism In The 1800's

However, the army chose not to publicly declare his innocence until 1995. While this was a major “victory for justice, the political scars of the Dreyfus affair took longer to heal” (1). The Dreyfus case started the rise of Anti-Semitism. Jewish people had gained jobs in government, universititew,banking, busniess, and other jobs in Western Europe. Other than that most struggled to achieve jobs “Anti-Semites were often members of the lower middle class who felt insecure in their social and economic position” (1).

The Holocaust invokes a great many emotions based on the scale of the atrocities committed and the degree of hatred that both allowed them to occur and that remained embedded in world culture thereafter. This is why the trial of Adolph Eichmann, which laid out the extent of crimes committed by the Nazis and which levied them against the alleged architect of the Final Solution, would promote so much debate. In spite of the obviation that the Jewish people had a right to seek justice for the roughly six million that perished in European concentration camps, the use of Eichmann as an avatar and the nature of the trials themselves would invoke criticism. The most noted of this criticism is that offered by Hannah Arendt's 1963 examination, Eichmann in Jerusalem: The Banality of Evil.

Another cause of anti-Semitic hatred in between 1815- 1860 is due to economic reasons. This was sparked as many of the Europeans that were reeling from famine of 1816 and were indebted to Jewish bankers and moneylenders. This all combined is what caused what is known as the hep hep Riot 1819 and is a continuation, as rioters used Fries and Rhus to prove their reasons as anti semitism was accept due to economic scapegoating. This is linked to economic and political antipathy of the Jews which stems from jealousy of their fortune. As fear grew over their control of the financial sector. There's a continuity here that links back to the Rothschild family as there were money leaders and their were conspiracy theories made a huge profit from the

According to the text of the Old Testament, Jewish authorities treated Jesus and his followers with hostility. Many Christians to this day, even though it has been proven not to be true, believe that Jesus’ crucifixion was a direct result of the Jewish people. Christian antisemitism was born from a misconception by Jesus’ followers that was then eternalized by being written in their bible. Christian antisemitism would continue onward through the Crusades in which the persecution of the Jewish people reached an all-time high in Europe, where communities were destroyed, Jewish people were killed, and others were expelled from their lands. Many stereotypes for Jewish people arose from this period because they were restricted to specific “inferior” occupations by the Christian authorities such as tax collectors and moneylenders. This early on compulsory requirement to wear a yellow star began in certain parts of Europe.

Herzl, a renowned correspondent for an important Viennese newspaper, displayed little concern in Jewish questions until the early 1890s. His experiences with anti-Semitism, both in the university and in his working life, persuaded him that the world needs the Jewish State; therefore it will arise (Hertzberg, 202). He initially thought of the Jewish question as a social issue and wrote a play, The Ghetto in 1894, which was about the predicament of Vienna Jewry, in which assimilation and conversion were rejected as solutions. He hoped that The Ghetto would lead to discussion and finally to a solution, based on mutual tolerance and respect between Christians and Jews (Hertzberg, 202 & 203). Later, he stated that he considered the Jewish question as neither a social nor a religious one even though it “often took these two forms.” Rather, he called it a national question that would be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of the world (Hertzberg, 209). He was also persuaded by the treason conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus in France and the hatred toward the

The Dreyfus Affair Jews have been persecuted throughout all of history and are often used as the scape goat to many poor situations but in a lot of cases this built up and stored until a cause needs promoting. Anti-Semitism has often been used as a political tool by governments to gain power but unfortunately was used at the expense of the dignity of the Jewish people. This technique was used in France in the late 1800’s with the Dreyfus case which was a miscarriage of justice involving Alfred Dreyfus being persecuted because he was of Jewish decent. It will be proven that this method has been used through how France’s army, media and branch of the Catholic Church all used antisemitism to help the nationalist parties of France to gain popularity

The Journal of Helene Berr shows how a young woman strives to understand her role as a Jew under Nazi-controlled France. Helene writes about her experiences and how they shaped her attitudes about her situation. She also notes the increase in French collaboration and how France turned against its people. Tony Judt’s article “Betrayal of France” and Julian Jackson’s France The Dark Years 1940-1944 also examine this betrayal of France’s Jews. These three documents examine life for Jews under Nazi-controlled France. They observe what went wrong and why the Jews received the treatment that they did. France’s Jewish population believed that their “Frenchness” would save them, yet this faith was misplaced because of the government's desire to maintain

After they blamed the jews many more people joined right wing groups and started killing jewish politicians. These actions led to the Holocaust. Jewish life would never be the same.

In the late 1800’s many Jews in Europe were exposed to events regarding anti-Semitism. In the Papal State, the Christians wanted to convert the Jews. If they refused, death was the punishment. They were taxed heavily, and put in ghettos so that they were contained- like cattle. Herzl states “Wherever

Voltaire practiced antisemitism towards the Jews through his “experiences with Jewish bankers” (62). Well-respected individuals in society contributed to the spread of flawed knowledge that the Jews were to be seen as less than humans compared to that of the Christians. He strongly advocated that the Jews failed to uphold traditional standards during the New Testament and as a consequence, “attribut[ed]…a permanent set of undesirable traits” (62). Following the French Revolution, the Jews were granted religious freedom and relieved of excessive taxes and restrictions that they had endured for so long (65).

reports concerning the homicide of the Jews began to surface, the reaction had a tendency

Other religions blamed the Jews for 'Christ's' resurrection and were regarded as 'Christ killers'. As years and centuries have gone by, the Jews were still being blamed for unfortunate events that there wasn't even evidence for. Thirdly I would like to add that there had been centuries of persecution from the Nazis in particular; 1933-1939. In 1933

Before the nineteenth century anti-Semitism was largely religious, based on the belief that the Jews were responsible for Jesus' crucifixion. It was expressed later in the Middle Ages by persecutions and expulsions, economic restrictions and personal restrictions. After Jewish emancipation during the enlightenment, or later, religious anti-Semitism was slowly replaced in the nineteenth century by racial prejudice, stemming from the idea of Jews as a distinct race. In Germany theories of Aryan racial superiority and charges of Jewish domination in the economy and politics in addition with other anti-Jewish propaganda led to the rise of anti-Semitism. This growth in anti-Semitic belief led to Adolf Hitler's rise to power and eventual

After the Holocaust had ended in 1950, the number of Jews drastically lowered to a 3.5 million (Introduction). The Jewish were not the only victims of the Holocaust. 200,000 Romas perished along with 200,000 mentally or physically disabled people. After the Holocaust ended, around 700,000 to 900,000 Jewish people fled Europe to Israel (Introduction). Auschwitz was the largest of the concentration camps with the largest death toll. Auschwitz executed around 1.1 million of its residents. Treblinka came second with a death toll of 700,000 to 900,000. The exact number of deaths that occurred in Treblinka cannot be known due to record losses. Once the Holocaust ended, Nazi’s worked to destroy their records to keep information from being known (Greene).

The end of the 19th century brought with it the rise of Arab nationalism and Zionism, which called for the existence of a permanent Jewish State. Herzl’s 1896 manifesto “The Jewish State”, popularized the idea of Isaac’s promised land and influenced the Jewish peoples of Eastern Europe and Russia to proclaim Israel their own. The Jewish people took their first steps