A Brief Note On Foot And Mouth Disease

Horse slaughter has been going on for a long time now and humans have increased their horsemeat consumption because of the mad cow disease. Mad cow disease is issued from the fattening foods farmers give to their cattle. In the food are sheep’s’ bones grinded into tiny, tiny bits. Ignorant till the outburst, makers didn’t know that in sheep bones there is the virus of the dreaded disease. The disease doesn’t affect sheep as it is only in their bones but when the cows eat it, it gets into their systems and is passed on through their meat to humans.

Everyone listen up, it is now time to take caution. A virus has re-emerged and is spreading fast. We first saw a case like this in 1994 where well-known horse trainer, Vic Rail died after 6 days and experienced severe lung inflammation, interstitial pneumonia and respiratory failure (Grant,2013). 14 of his horses also died when it broke out not far from here, in fact Hendra and now it has come back to haunt us with its lethality (Betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2015).The emergence in humans was unprecedented and shocking.

How livestock was mostly a good thing but it is the cause of a lot of diseases

These potential costs come in the form of environmental hazards and damages, such as contaminated water and air pollution (Walsh, 2013)2. EPA estimated in 2004 that 20% of man-made air pollutants from methane were a result from livestock, primarily cows (Air quality)3. Poor sanitation of animal waste has also been linked to food contamination and outbreaks of salmonella, E. coli and various other food-borne illnesses. In April 2009 through August 2010, a strain of Swine Flu, H1N1, was believed by scientists to have originated in industrialized farms overcrowded with pigs (Farm sanctuary, 2016)4. This pandemic was believed to have killed as many as 18,000 people according to the CDC. The overuse of antibiotics and growth hormones used to protect livestock from the rampant spread of disease, due to cramped quarters, and to help beef up production, are also beginning to show strong correlations to an increase in several cancers, antibiotic resistant “super bugs”, early onset of puberty in children, depression, brain damage, respiratory issues, birth defects, miscarriage and obesity (Other health risks of the meat industry)5. The costs to sanitize water and treat illness is tremendous and only

Hemorrhagic Disease of White-Tailed Deer is a phrase that describes an infection of either Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) and/or Blue Tongue Disease (BT). These two diseases are clinically and molecularly very similar. Since the symptoms of both diseases are indistinguishable molecular testing is needed to specifically identify these viruses. Both viruses are spread by biting midges in the Culcoides genus which is found in a majority of the US. Historically, there have been large outbreaks in the US and all over the world which has lead to economic losses of various degrees. With current expansion of these diseases vector, a lack of monitoring, and gap of knowledge about these diseases it is only a matter of time before a catastrophic

Dental Hygienists have an enormous amount of problems with their patients, one problem being that their patients have diabetes. Patients don 't realize that if they have diabetes they are more susceptible to getting serious gum disease. Studies have shown that 90-95% of patients have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). The goal of this problem is for patients to not accrue the disease of diabetes by taking care of their oral hygiene. The relevance of this topic is for patients to know the importance of their oral hygiene and what can happen to their health. Hygienists can approach this problem by explaining the complications, for instance xerostomia, thrush, burning

‘Spillover’ by David Quammen is most definitely one of the more unique, yet applicable novels I have read in quite some time. As someone who is interested in attending pharmacy school and ultimately dealing with disease and sickness for the rest of my life, I found it very mesmerizing to learn about how certain zoonotic diseases came to be. With that said, I’ll go right into the first chapter: “Pale Horse”. This chapter focuses on the virus now known as Hendra. It started in a place known as Brisbane, Australia (more specifically a northern suburb known as Hendra) in 1994 where some horses began experiencing the disease. This also ultimately led to some human infections, some of which causes fatalities. Vic Rail, a horse trainer, was the first human to fatally experience Hendra

These are all vectors as well as vCJD is an infectious disease as well. The disease while having a low infection rate, has from October 1996 to March 2011, caused 175 cases of VCJD in the U.K, 25 in France, 5 in Spain, 4 in Ireland, 3 in the U.S, 2 in Canada, Italy, Portugal, and one in Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Taiwan. vCJD on average affects people in their twenties and sporadic, however sporadic or sCJD can affect people in their late sixties. CJD can affect any gender and race, however vCJD is contacted by consuming infected meat products(such as BSE in beef) and the cause for sCJD is actually unknown on what truly causes it. CJD or more to be more specific, BSE first appeared in the U.K in 1986. It first spread to cows, but when people began consuming the infected beef, BSE developed into CJD, or vCJD the human equivalent of Mad-Cow Disease. Eventually vCJD hit its peak in January 1993 with 1,000 new cases being reported each week in Britain. In December 23,2003, it was discovered that a case of BSE was discovered in an infected cow in Washington State. From there on, Countries such as Japan, Korea, China, Canada, U.K, U.S, and Europe initiate large safeguards to prevent the disease from entering the human food chain. The disease raised awareness of important

On average, the mortality rate is about 50% (WHO). There has been a total of 466 cases of pooled data and forty six articles on Marburg HF. Out of all those infected, the average age was thirty years old and 58% of the patients were female (JC Nunes). There has been 373 deaths reported since all outbreaks out of all 466 human cases. The two largest outbreaks have been the 1998-2000 epidemic in the Democratic Republic, which resulted in 154 cases and 125 deaths, and the 2005 outbreak in Uige, Angola, which involved 374 cases and 329 deaths

Infection control is a central concept to every practice of health care providers. Its main objective is to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases from both patients and health personnel (Martin et al., 2010). In dental clinic, infection control is a continuous concern for its professionals. They have to contact patients routinely and be exposed to their blood, saliva, dental plaque and pus that may contain infectious pathogens. It is important for the dental professionals to treat these fluids as if they are infectious and special precautions must be taken to handle them. In this essay, I will highlight the scope of infection control practices in dental clinics and the ways through which infectious microorganisms are transmitted

The prevention of disease is one of the most important aspects of raising livestock. If disease is introduced to the farm or operation, it can be an operation breaker because it can cause all the animals to to contract the disease and not be able to be productive.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 40 known strains that infect 79 million Americans--mostly without any sign of symptoms.(3)

Foot and Mouth (FMD) is recognized as a highly contagious viral disease which affects cloven-hooved animals, such as cattle (Bos Taurus) (Grubman and Baxt, 2004).

“In the United States of America, for example, around 76 million cases of food-borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.”

Oral health is a key component to overall health and well-being for children. Although it is preventable, tooth decay is the most common chronic childhood disease in the U.S., five times more common than asthma. If left untreated, decay can lead to serious health issues that include malnourishment, bacterial infections, and even surgery or hospitalization. Fortunately, using fluoride and dental sealants when combined with good oral hygiene, nutrition, and regular dental care can keep most mouths healthy. Oral health status and access to dental care for children in Iowa is mostly very good. However disparities exist for certain populations in the state such as low-income families, children in rural counties, and racial and